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. 2013 May 1;95(9):850-9.
doi: 10.2106/JBJS.L.00375.

The musculoskeletal effects of cigarette smoking

John J Lee  1 , Rakesh Patel, J Sybil Biermann, Paul J Dougherty
Affiliations

The musculoskeletal effects of cigarette smoking

John J Lee et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am. .

Abstract

➤ Cigarette smoking decreases bone mineral density and increases the risk of sustaining a fracture or tendon injury, with partial reversibility of these risks with long-term cessation of smoking. ➤ Cigarette smoking increases the risk for perioperative complications, nonunion and delayed union of fractures, infection, and soft-tissue and wound-healing complications. ➤ Brief preoperative cessation of smoking may mitigate these perioperative risks. ➤ Informed-consent discussions should include notification of the higher risk of perioperative complications with cigarette smoking and the benefits of temporary cessation of smoking.

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