Avian host defense peptides

Abstract

Host defense peptides (HDPs) are important effector molecules of the innate immune system of vertebrates. These antimicrobial peptides are also present in invertebrates, plants and fungi. HDPs display broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities and fulfill an important role in the first line of defense of many organisms. It is becoming increasingly clear that in the animal kingdom the functions of HDPs are not confined to direct antimicrobial actions. Research in mammals has indicated that HDPs have many immunomodulatory functions and are also involved in other physiological processes ranging from development to wound healing. During the past five years our knowledge about avian HDPs has increased considerably. This review addresses our current knowledge on the evolution, regulation and biological functions of HDPs of birds.

Keywords: AMP; Antibacterial; AvBD; Bird; C-reactive protein; CATH; CATH-2a; CATH-2b; CRP; Cathelicidin; DES; DHV; Defensin; EST; HBD; HDP; Host defense; Immunomodulation; LPS; LTA; MBL; N-acetylglucosamine; N-acetylneuramic acid; NAG; NAM; NE; NGP; NMR; PBL; PRR; SE; SP; Salmonella enteritidis; TLR; VDRE; antimicrobial peptide; avian β-defensin; cathelicidin; cathelicidin-2 (Xiao et al. 2009); cathelicidin-2 (van Dijk et al., 2009a); diethylstilbestrol; duck hepatitis virus; ed; embryonic day; expressed sequence tag; host defense peptide; human β-defensin; lipopolysaccharide; lipoteichoic acid; mannan-binding lectin; necrotic enteritis; neutrophilic granule proteins; nuclear magnetic resonance; pattern-recogntion receptor; peripheral blood leukocyte; surfactant protein; toll-like receptor; vitamin D receptor elements.