Subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy for male factor subfertility: ten-year experience

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the impact of subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy on semen parameters and pregnancy outcomes in couples with male factor subfertility.

Design: Case series.

Setting: Male Infertility Clinic in an academic institution in Hong Kong.

Patients: The clinical records of 42 consecutive subfertile male patients who had subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy (from January 2000 to December 2009) were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients had a known history of subfertility and abnormalities in one or more semen parameters. Female subfertility factors were not addressed. Only grade 2 or higher clinically palpable varicoceles were operated on.

Main outcome measures: Preoperative and postoperative semen analyses based on the World Health Organization criteria; the outcome measures included changes in semen parameters and whether a pregnancy ensued.

Results: The mean age of patients and their spouses were 38 and 33 years, respectively. The mean duration of infertility was 4 years; 37 patients had primary infertility and five had secondary infertility. The mean (± standard deviation) sperm concentration improved from 12 ± 19 million/mL to 23 ± 29 million/mL following varicocelectomy (P<0.001), the mean sperm motility improved from 26% ± 16% to 32% ± 18% (P<0.001), and the mean normal morphology increased from 5% ± 7% to 6% ± 6% (P<0.001). Postoperatively, 23 (55%) of the patients achieved pregnancy, 11 (26%) being spontaneous, 1 (2%) by intrauterine insemination, and 11 (26%) by in-vitro fertilisation. Among 20 patients with severe preoperative oligospermia (<5 million/mL), statistically significant improvements occurred in postoperative mean sperm concentration, motility and morphology (all P<0.001), and five (25%) of them achieved a spontaneous pregnancy. There was one intra-operative injury to the testicular artery with immediate repair and no testicular atrophy. Five (12%) of the patients had recurrences. No preoperative factors appeared predictive of a pregnancy ensuing.

Conclusions: In couples with male infertility due to varicoceles, subinguinal microsurgical varicocelectomy was shown to improve sperm concentrations, motility and morphology, and the likelihood of a pregnancy. Spontaneous pregnancy was achieved in 25% of the couples in which the man had severe oligospermia.

Keywords: Azoospermia; Infertility, male; Microsurgery; Oligospermia; Varicocele.