Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2013 Sep;37(8):513-22.
doi: 10.1016/j.acuro.2013.01.001. Epub 2013 May 9.

Constitutional and occupational risk factors associated with bladder cancer

J Ferrís  1 , J Garcia, O Berbel, J A Ortega
Affiliations
Review

Constitutional and occupational risk factors associated with bladder cancer

J Ferrís et al. Actas Urol Esp. 2013 Sep.

Abstract
in English, Spanish

Objective: Bladder carcinoma (BC) is the fourth most common type of cancer in males from Western countries, with primary prevention an important healthcare challenge. We review the associated constitutional and occupational risk factors (RF), with greater or lesser scientific evidence, in the aetiology of BC.

Material and methods: Literature review of the last 25 years of the constitutional and occupational RF associated with BC, conducted on MedLine, CancerLit, Science Citation Index and Embase. The search profiles were Risk factors/Genetic factors/Genetic polymorphisms/Epidemiology/Occupational factors and Bladder cancer.

Results: The main RF were a) age and gender (diagnosed at age 65 and over, with a 4:1 ratio of males to females); b) race, ethnicity and geographic location (predominantly in Caucasians and in Southern European countries); c) genetic (N-acetyltransferase-2 and glutathione s-transferase M1 gene mutations, which significantly increase the risk for BC); d) occupational, which represent 5%-10% of BC RF; and f) occupations with high BC risk, such as aluminium production, the manufacture of dyes, paints and colourings, the rubber industry and the extraction and industrial use of fossil fuels.

Conclusions: BC is the end result of the variable combination of constitutional and environmental RF, the majority of which are unknown. The most significant constitutional RF are related to age, gender, race, ethnicity geographic location and genetic polymorphisms. The main occupational RF are those related to aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Objetivo: En los países occidentales el carcinoma vesical (CV) es el 4.° cáncer más frecuente en varones, siendo la prevención primaria un reto sanitario importante. Se revisan los factores de riesgo (FR) constitucionales y ocupacionales implicados, con mayor o menor evidencia científica, en la etiopatogenia del CV.

Material y métodos: Revisión bibliográfica de los últimos 25 años de los FR constitucionales y ocupacionales asociados al CP, obtenida de MedLine, CancerLit, Science Citation Index y Embase. Los perfiles de búsqueda han sido Risk factors/Genetic factors/Genetic polymorphisms/Epidemiology/Occupational factors y Bladder cancer.

Resultados: Los principales FR son: a) edad y sexo (se diagnostica en mayores de 65 años con una relación hombre/mujer de 4/1); b) étnico-raciales y geográficos (predominio en caucásicos y los países del Sur de Europa); c) genéticos (las mutaciones del gen N-acetil-transferasa 2 y el Glutation-S-transferasa-M1, incrementan significativamente el riesgo de CV); d) los FR ocupacionales representan el 5–10%; y f) las profesiones con mayores riesgos de CV son la producción de aluminio, manufactura de tintes, pinturas y colorantes, industria del caucho y la extracción y usos industriales de combustibles fósiles.

Conclusiones: El CV es el resultado final de la combinación variable de los FR constitucionales y ambientales. Desconocemos la mayoría de FR implicados en los CV. Los FR constitucionales más decisivos son la edad y el sexo, los étnico-raciales-geográficos y los polimorfismos genéticos. Los principales FR ocupacionales corresponden a exposiciones a aminas aromáticas e hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos.

Keywords: Aminas aromáticas; Aromatic amines; Bladder cancer; Cáncer vesical; Epidemiology; Epidemiología; Exposiciones ocupacionales; Factores de riesgo genéticos; Genetic risk factors; Hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos; Occupational exposure; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Estimated incidence and mortality: men and women in the WHO European Region. (GLOBOCAN). Source: WHO Europe Region. Available at: http://globocan.iarc.fr.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Estimated incidence, age and mortality-standardized: men and women in Spain. (GLOBOCAN). Source: GLOBOCAN. Spain. Available at: http://globocan.iarc.fr.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Age-Standardized Bladder Urothelium Cancer Estimated Incidence Rates per 100,000 men and World countries. Source: GLOBOCAN. World Area for Countries. Available at: http://globocan.iarc.fr.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Standardized Bladder Cancer Estimated Incidence Rates by sex and World countries. Source: GLOBOCAN. World Area for Regions. Available at: http://globocan.iarc.fr.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. GLOBOKAN 2008, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC Cancer Base n°10. Lyon, France: IARC; 2012. [accessed November 2012]. Available at: http://globocan.iarc.fr.
    1. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. Cancer J Clin. 2011;61:69–90. - PubMed
    1. Word Health Organization. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2004. Classification of tumours pathology and genetics of tumours of the urinary system and male genital system, vol. 7; pp. 93–109.
    1. Silverman DT, Devesa SS, Moore LE, Rothman N. Bladder cancer. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni J, editors. Cancer epidemiology and prevention. 3rd. New York: Oxford University Press; 2006. pp. 1101–1127.
    1. Kogevinas M, Garcia-Closas M, Trichopoulos D. Urinary bladder cancer. In: Adami HO, Hunter D, Trichopoulos D, editors. Textbook of cancer epidemiology. 2nd. New York: Oxford University Press; 2008. pp. 573–596.

Publication types