Costs of suppressing emotional sound and countereffects of a mindfulness induction: an experimental analog of tinnitus impact

Abstract

Tinnitus is the experience of sounds without an appropriate external auditory source. These auditory sensations are intertwined with emotional and attentional processing. Drawing on theories of mental control, we predicted that suppressing an affectively negative sound mimicking the psychoacoustic features of tinnitus would result in decreased persistence in a mentally challenging task (mental arithmetic) that required participants to ignore the same sound, but that receiving a mindfulness exercise would reduce this effect. Normal hearing participants (N = 119) were instructed to suppress an affectively negative sound under cognitive load or were given no such instructions. Next, participants received either a mindfulness induction or an attention control task. Finally, all participants worked with mental arithmetic while exposed to the same sound. The length of time participants could persist in the second task served as the dependent variable. As hypothesized, results indicated that an auditory suppression rationale reduced time of persistence relative to no such rationale, and that a mindfulness induction counteracted this detrimental effect. The study may offer new insights into the mechanisms involved in the development of tinnitus interference. Implications are also discussed in the broader context of attention control strategies and the effects of emotional sound on task performance. The ironic processes of mental control may have an analog in the experience of sounds.

Figure 1. Time of effortful persistence as function of experimental manipulations (instruction and induction).

Participants were required to ignore emotional task-irrelevant sound while performing a mentally challenging task (mental arithmetic). Induction manipulation (attention control vs. mindfulness induction) followed the suppression manipulation (suppression vs. no instructions) in the experiment; thus, these are the delayed effects of suppression. Error bar denotes standard error of mean. *  =  p<.05; ns  =  non-significant at specified alpha level (.05).