Effect of sulfonation on the cell and tissue distribution of the photosensitizer aluminum phthalocyanine

Abstract

Aluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine has potential as a suitable photosensitizer for use in the photodynamic therapy of cancer. In the present study, cellular uptake and retention of the individual mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrasulfonated derivatives (AlS1-4Pc) were examined in tissue culture and in normal and neoplastic tissue of tumor-bearing mice. Uptake and retention of the various derivatives by cells in tissue culture correlated inversely with the degree of sulfonation. Accordingly, Colo 26 cells in monolayer culture, 24 h after addition of 10 microM of appropriate photosensitizer, had accumulated approximately 25-fold more AlS1Pc than AlS3Pc and retained this species longer than more sulfonated derivatives. In contrast to these in vitro results, it was found that Colo 26 growing s.c. in BALB/c mice accumulated photosensitizer to a greater extent when the degree of sulfonation increased, such that A1S4Pc greater than AlS3Pc greater than AlS2Pc greater than AlS1Pc. By 24-48 h after the i.v. injection of 0.1 ml 2.27 mM solution of individual photosensitizer, the relative ratios of tumor:adjacent tissue varied from greater than 10:1 to greater than 2:1, showing that selective tumor uptake may be affected profoundly by the composition of the phthalocyanine compound. The livers and spleens of both normal and tumor-bearing mice, unlike other normal tissue, took up the sulfonated derivatives in an order that provided a mirror image of that observed in neoplastic tissue. These complex in vivo distribution and retention characteristics appear to be a consequence of relative hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity properties of the sulfonated species and indicate the extent to which these characteristics may influence photosensitizer distribution and accumulation.