Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2013 Jun 6;18(6):6620-62.
doi: 10.3390/molecules18066620.

Biomedical importance of indoles

Nagendra Kumar Kaushik  1 , Neha Kaushik, Pankaj Attri, Naresh Kumar, Chung Hyeok Kim, Akhilesh Kumar Verma, Eun Ha Choi
Affiliations
Review

Biomedical importance of indoles

Nagendra Kumar Kaushik et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

The indole nucleus is an important element of many natural and synthetic molecules with significant biological activity. This review covers some of the relevant and recent achievements in the biological, chemical and pharmacological activity of important indole derivatives in the areas of drug discovery and analysis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Indoles.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Derivatives of indoles.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Structures of some naturally occurring indoles.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Structure of indoles used in chemotherapy.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Indoles with important activity in plants and animals.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Indole derivatives as tubulin inhibitors.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Pharmacologically active indole derivatives.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Yohimbine: Drug for male impotency.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Delavirdine: Anti-HIV drug.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Apaziquone as anticancer, Oxypertine as antipsychotic and Arbidol as antiviral.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Mitraphylline as anticancer, panobinostat as antileukamic, amedalin as antidepressant, pindolol as antihypertensive, oglufanide as Immunomodulator.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Important indole ring-containing drugs.
Figure 13
Figure 13
I3C and DIM.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Methyl-3-indolyacetate (MIA).
Figure 15
Figure 15
Evodiamine as multipurpose herbal medicine, akummicine for diabetes, HPI and HPIC.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Aplysinopsin.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Indoles from sponges.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Indoles from deep sea species.
Figure 19
Figure 19
Indoles isolated from marine fungus
Figure 20
Figure 20
Famitinib.
Figure 21
Figure 21
6,7-Annulated-4-substituted indoles.
Figure 22
Figure 22
Bioactive indolocarbazole (ICP-125).
Figure 23
Figure 23
Synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles with a N-methyl-5-indolyl moiety: tubulin inhibitor.
Figure 24
Figure 24
Synthetic derivatives of I3C.
Figure 25
Figure 25
Bioactive spiro-2-[3′-(2′-phenyl)-3H-indolyl]-1-aryl-3-phenylaziridines.
Figure 26
Figure 26
Functionalized 1-benzyl-3-[4-aryl-1-piperazingl]carbonyl-1H-indoles.
Figure 27
Figure 27
Functionalized indole-substituted chromene derivatives.
Figure 28
Figure 28
N-Hydroxycinnamamide-based histone deacetylase inhibitors.
Figure 29
Figure 29
3-[(4-Substituted-piperazin-1-yl)methyl]-1H-indole derivatives.
Figure 30
Figure 30
Hybrids of indole and barbituric acids.
Figure 31
Figure 31
2-Phenylindole-3-carbaldehydes derivatives as anticancer agents.
Figure 32
Figure 32
2-Amino-3-cyano-6-(1H-indol-3-yl)-4-phenylpyridine derivatives
Figure 33
Figure 33
Mono- and bis-indole-pyridine derivatives.
Figure 34
Figure 34
Indole α-methylene-γ-lactones.
Figure 35
Figure 35
3,3-Diindolyl oxyindoles and pyrazino[1,2α]indoles.
Figure 36
Figure 36
3-Aroylindoles.
Figure 37
Figure 37
Synthesis of functionalized indoles.
Figure 38
Figure 38
Tetracyclic indoles.
Figure 39
Figure 39
Chromeno[4,3-b]pyrroles and indolizino[6,7-b]indoles.
Figure 40
Figure 40
Cyclohepta[b]indoles and 2-amino-3-hydroxyindoles.
Figure 41
Figure 41
2- and 3-Arylindoles.
Figure 42
Figure 42
1H-Pyrrolo[3,2-g]quinoline-4,9-diones and 4,9-dioxo-4,9-dihydro-1H-benzo[f]indoles.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Dolle R.E., Nelson K.H. Comprehensive survey of combinatorial library synthesis: 1998. J. Comb. Chem. 1999;1:235–282. - PubMed
    1. Franzen R.G. Recent advances in the preparation of heterocycles on solid support: A review of the literature. J. Comb. Chem. 2000;2:195–214. doi: 10.1021/cc000002f. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dolle R.E. Comprehensive survey of combinatorial library synthesis: 2000. J. Comb. Chem. 2001;3:477–517. doi: 10.1021/cc010049g. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Hanessian S., McNaughton-Smith G., Lombart H.G., Lubell W.D. Design and synthesis of conformationally constrained amino acids as versatile scaffolds and peptide mimetics. Tetrahedron. 1997;53:12789–12854. doi: 10.1016/S0040-4020(97)00476-6. - DOI
    1. Radwanski E.R, Last R.L. Tryptophan biosynthesis and metabolism: Biochemical and molecular genetics. Plant Cell. 1995;7:921–934. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms