High affinity of cadmium and copper to head kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to evaluate bioaccumulation of metals in various tissues of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio L. exposed to cadmium and copper (a xenobiotic and a microelement). The fish were subjected to short-term (3 h, Cd-S and Cu-S) or long-term (4 weeks, Cd-L and Cu-L) exposures to 100 % 96hLC₅₀ or 10 % 96hLC₅₀, respectively. Blood, gill, liver, head and trunk kidney were isolated weekly from 5 fish of each group for 4 weeks (post-short-term exposure and during long-term exposure). Atomic absorption spectrophotometry technique was applied to measure concentrations of metals (Cd and Cu) in fish tissues. Initial concentrations of copper in fish tissues were higher than levels of cadmium. Cadmium and copper levels increased in all tissues of metal-exposed fish. After short-term exposures (at higher concentration) and during long-term exposures (at lower concentration), similar changes in metal concentrations were observed. The values of accumulation factor (ratio of final to initial metal concentration) were higher for cadmium as compared to copper. Comparison of metal levels and accumulation factors in various tissues revealed that cadmium and copper showed very high affinity to head kidney of common carp (higher than to other tissues), but accumulation factors for cadmium in trunk, head kidney and liver were much higher than for copper. The concentrations of copper in organs of Cu-exposed fish increased only slightly and quickly returned to the control level, which shows that fish organism easily buffered metal level. On the other hand, concentrations of cadmium considerably increased and remained elevated for a long time which suggests that activation of mechanisms of sequestration and elimination of cadmium required more time.

Fig. 1

Cadmium (A) and copper (B) concentrations in head kidney of common carp (μg/g) over 4 weeks post 3-hour exposure to 6.5 mg/dm³ of cadmium or 0.75 mg/dm³ of copper (96hLC50) and 4-week exposure to 0.65 mg/dm³ of cadmium or 0.075 mg/dm³ of copper and (10 % 96hLC50), *values significantly different from the control (short-term exposures), ^values significantly different from the control (long-term exposures), test U, p ≤ 0.05, n = 5

Fig. 2

Cadmium (A) and copper (B) concentrations in liver of common carp (μg/g) over 4 weeks post 3-hour exposure to 6.5 mg/dm³ of cadmium or 0.75 mg/dm³ of copper (96hLC50) and 4-week exposure to 0.65 mg/dm³ of cadmium or 0.075 mg/dm³ of copper (10 % 96hLC50), *values significantly different from the control (short-term exposures), ^values significantly different from the control (long-term exposures), test U, p ≤ 0.05, n = 5

Fig. 3

Cadmium (A) and copper (B) concentrations in trunk kidney of common carp (μg/g) over 4 weeks post 3-hour exposure to 6.5 mg/dm³ of cadmium or 0.75 mg/dm³ of copper (96hLC50) and 4-week exposure to 0.65 mg/dm³ of cadmium or 0.075 mg/dm³ of copper (10 % 96hLC50), *values significantly different from the control (short-term exposures), ^values significantly different from the control (long-term exposures), test U, p ≤ 0.05, n = 5

Fig. 4

Cadmium (A) and copper (B) concentrations in gill of common carp (μg/g) over 4 weeks post 3-hour exposure to 6.5 mg/dm³ of cadmium or 0.75 mg/dm³ of copper (96hLC50) and 4-week exposure to 0.65 mg/dm³ of cadmium or 0.075 mg/dm³ of copper (10 % 96hLC50), *values significantly different from the control (short-term exposures), ^values significantly different from the control (long-term exposures), test U, p ≤ 0.05, n = 5

Fig. 5

Cadmium (A) and copper (B) concentrations in blood of common carp (μg/g) over 4 weeks post 3-hour exposure to 6.5 mg/dm³ of cadmium or 0.75 mg/dm³ of copper (96hLC50) and 4-week exposure to 0.65 mg/dm³ of cadmium or 0.075 mg/dm³ of copper (10 % 96hLC50), *values significantly different from the control (short-term exposures), ^values significantly different from the control (long-term exposures), test U, p ≤ 0.05, n = 5