Vitamin D deficiency and severe asthma

Abstract

Vitamin D has received tremendous amount of attention recently due to the ever-increasing reports of association between vitamin D deficiency and a wide range of conditions, from cancer to fertility to longevity. The fascination of disease association with vitamin D deficiency comes from the relatively easy solution to overcome such a risk factor, that is, either by increase in sun exposure and/or diet supplementation. Many reviews have been written on a protective role of vitamin D in asthma and related morbidities; here, we will summarize the epidemiological evidence supporting a role of vitamin D against hallmark features of severe asthma, such as airway remodeling and asthma exacerbations. Furthermore, we discuss data from in vitro and in vivo studies which provide insights on the potential mechanisms of how vitamin D may protect against severe asthma pathogenesis and how vitamin D deficiency may lead to the development of severe asthma. Approximately 5-15% of asthmatic individuals suffer from the more severe forms of disease in spite of aggressive therapies and they are more likely to have irreversible airflow obstruction associated with airway remodeling. At present drugs commonly used to control asthma symptoms, such as corticosteroids, do not significantly reverse or reduce remodeling in the airways. Hence, if vitamin D plays a protective role against the development of severe asthma, then the most effective therapy may simply be a healthy dose of sunshine.

Keywords: 1,25(OH)(2)D(3); 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3); 25(OH)D(3); 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3); ADAM metallopeptidase domain 33; ADAM33; ASM; Airway remodeling; CRTAM; CXCL12; CXCR4; ECM; Exacerbation; FOXP3; I-kappa B alpha; IFN-β; IL; IkBα; MMP9; PBMC; PDGF; RSV; RXR; RelA; SNP; STRA; Severe asthma; Steroid resistance; TGF-β1; Treg; VDR; VDRE; Vitamin D; airway smooth muscle; chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12; chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4; class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted T cell-associated molecule; extracellular matrix; forkhead box P3; interferon-β; interleukin; metalloproteinease 9; peripheral blood mononuclear cell; platelet-derived growth factor; regulatory T cell; respiratory syncytial virus; retinoid-X-receptor; severe treatment-resistant asthma; single nucleotide polymorphism; transforming growth factor β1; v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A; vitamin D receptor; vitamin D response element.