Critical airway obstruction by mediastinal masses in the intensive care unit

Abstract

Critical airway obstruction is a dreaded complication of a mediastinal mass. The acute management is difficult and catastrophic outcomes have been reported. A total of 19 patients, aged between 13 and 69 years, who had critical major airway obstruction due to mediastinal mass requiring mechanical ventilation were reviewed. Three patients had benign pathologies (retrosternal goitre, bronchogenic cyst, giant left atrium) and three had lymphoma. The remaining patients had advanced malignancies: metastatic mediastinal lymphadenopathy (n=6), thyroid carcinoma (n=1) and oesophageal carcinoma (n=6). Three patients underwent surgery, three received chemotherapy and 15 had airway stenting under deep intravenous sedation. Apart from one patient who had brain haemorrhage and nosocomial infection after cardiac surgery, all other patients were successfully weaned off ventilation within five days after the interventions to alleviate the major airway obstruction without major complications. All patients were discharged from hospital without supplemental oxygen. Patients who had benign pathologies and lymphoma (n=6, 32%) were still alive after a mean follow-up period of six years (range 3 to 10) and those with metastatic disease died after a mean survival period of 3.3 months (range 1 to 9). In summary, critical major airway obstruction is caused by a heterogeneous group of mediastinal pathologies, and the definitive treatment and long-term prognosis of these patients are highly dependent on the underlying aetiology. Combining various therapeutic modalities can lead to successful separation of these patients from mechanical ventilation within a short period of time.

Keywords: bronchoscopy; cardiothoracic surgery; critical care medicine; intervention techniques; ventilation.