Anaesthesiological support in a cardiac electrophysiology laboratory: a single-centre prospective observational study

Abstract

Background: Implantation of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has greatly increased during the last decade and anaesthetic management of these patients remains an open question.

Objective: This study describes anaesthetic management and risk factors associated with complications occurring during these procedures.

Design: A single-centre prospective observational study.

Setting: Grenoble University Hospital, France, from May 2010 to October 2010.

Patients: All patients admitted to the cardiac electrophysiology laboratory were included.

Intervention: None.

Main outcome measures: Clinical data, anaesthetic and medical characteristics as well as complications (respiratory or cardiovascular) and treatment were recorded by the anaesthetic nurse at the end of each procedure.

Results: Two hundred and sixty-nine patients were included, 229 (85%) with an American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) status of 3 or 4, 103 (38%) with a New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class of 3 or 4 and 136 (51%) with a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than 40%. Two hundred and forty-seven (92%) of the patients underwent deep sedation and 12 (8%) general anaesthesia. Seventy-eight (29%) patients had at least one complication, among whom 21 (27%) had at least one considered as severe. Fifty (19%) of the patients had a respiratory complication and 46 (17%) a cardiovascular complication; the latter was more frequently severe (41 vs. 12%; P=0.001). Lead extraction [odds ratio (OR) 13.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5 to 53.3; P<0.001], NYHA status of 4 (OR 11.8, 95% CI 1.8 to 74.8; P<0.001), implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) testing by T-wave shock (OR 3.9, 95% CI 1.53 to 10.2; P=0.005) and length of procedure (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.004 to 1.031; P=0.013) were identified as independent risk factors for cardiovascular complications.

Conclusion: Patients requiring cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation were fragile with a high complication rate and a high rate of severe complications even with anaesthesiological support. These complications, as well as the need for deep sedation or general anaesthesia, clearly justify the involvement of a qualified anaesthesiologist.