Dermatophytosis in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management

Abstract

Overview: Dermatophytosis, usually caused by Microsporum canis, is the most common fungal infection in cats worldwide, and one of the most important infectious skin diseases in this species. Many adult cats are asymptomatic carriers. Severe clinical signs are seen mostly in kittens or immunosuppressed adults. Poor hygiene is a predisposing factor, and the disease may be endemic in shelters or catteries. Humans may be easily infected and develop a similar skin disease.

Infection: Infectious arthrospores produced by dermatophytes may survive in the environment for about a year. They are transmitted through contact with sick cats or healthy carriers, but also on dust particles, brushes, clothes and other fomites.

Disease signs: Circular alopecia, desquamation and sometimes an erythematous margin around central healing ('ringworm') are typical. In many cats this is a self-limiting disease with hair loss and scaling only. In immunosuppressed animals, the outcome may be a multifocal or generalised skin disease.

Diagnosis: Wood's lamp examination and microscopic detection of arthrospores on hairs are simple methods to confirm M canis infection, but their sensitivity is relatively low. The gold standard for detection is culture on Sabouraud agar of hairs and scales collected from new lesions.

Disease management: In shelters and catteries eradication is difficult. Essential is a combination of systemic and topical treatments, maintained for several weeks. For systemic therapy itraconazole is the drug of choice, terbinafine an alternative. Recommended topical treatment is repeated body rinse with an enilconazole solution or miconazole with or without chlorhexidine. In catteries/shelters medication must be accompanied by intensive decontamination of the environment.

Vaccination: Few efficacy studies on anti-M canis vaccines (prophylactic or therapeutic) for cats have been published, and a safe and efficient vaccine is not available.

Figure 1

In some cats, especially immunocompetent adults, the only sign of dermatophytosis may be scaling. Courtesy of Tadeusz Frymus

Figure 2

Circular alopecia caused by M canis infection. Courtesy of Tadeusz Frymus

Figure 3

On many occasions dermatophytosis lesions start on the head. Courtesy of International Cat Care (formerly Feline Advisory Bureau)

Figure 4

External sides of the pinnae may also be affected by dermatophytosis. Courtesy of Tadeusz Frymus

Figure 5

In some cats, particularly immunocompromised ones, the outcome of dermatophytosis may be a multifocal or generalised skin disease. Courtesy of International Cat Care (formerly Feline Advisory Bureau)

Figure 6

Some dermatophytosis lesions may become visible only after clipping. Courtesy of Tadeusz Frymus