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. 2013 Aug;40(8):743-52.
doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12119.

Gender differences in the association between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease: the Hisayama Study

Michiko Furuta  1 , Yoshihiro Shimazaki, Toru Takeshita, Yukie Shibata, Sumio Akifusa, Nobuoki Eshima, Yutaka Kiyohara, Toshiharu Ninomiya, Yoichiro Hirakawa, Naoko Mukai, Masaharu Nagata, Yoshihisa Yamashita
Affiliations
Free PMC article

Gender differences in the association between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease: the Hisayama Study

Michiko Furuta et al. J Clin Periodontol. 2013 Aug.
Free PMC article

Abstract

Aims: Periodontal disease and metabolic syndrome (MS) are more prevalent in males than in females. However, whether there is a gender difference in the association between these health conditions has not yet been investigated. This study examined the gender difference in this association, considering the definition of periodontal disease.

Materials and methods: We recruited 1040 males and 1330 females, aged ≥40 years, with at least ten teeth from subjects of the 2007 Hisayama health examination. We performed a logistic regression analysis with various definitions of periodontal disease the dependent variable and MS as the independent variable. Following the analysis, the data were reanalysed with the structural equations model.

Results: The logistic regression analysis suggested a stronger association between periodontal disease and MS in females than that in males when periodontal disease was more severely defined. When we constructed the structural equations model in each gender, the model showed a good fit to the data of females, suggesting the association between periodontal disease and MS in females, but not in males.

Conclusions: Gender differences seem to exist in the association between periodontal disease and MS; MS might show a stronger association with periodontal disease in females than in males.

Keywords: gender difference; metabolic syndrome; periodontal disease; structural equation model.

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Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1
The metabolic syndrome (MS) single-factor model (Model 1). Rectangles indicate observed variables and ovals show latent constructs. Single-headed arrows indicate the directions of causal effects relating to the variables concerned, and the double-headed arrows imply the associations among the variables. The fit of Model 1 was χ2 (42) = 362.198; CFI = 0.807; RMSEA = 0.086 (0.078–0.094); SRMR = 0.055 in males and χ2 (42) = 358.831; CFI = 0.865; RMSEA = 0.075 (0.068–0.083); SRMR = 0.045 in females. The e1–e7 and r1–r3 designators refer to error terms and residual terms.
Fig 2
Fig 2
The metabolic syndrome (MS) two-factor model (Model 2). MS factor 1 (MSF1) is represented by HDL and triglyceride (log TG), and MS factor 2 (MSF2) by waist circumstance (Waist), fasting glucose (log Glu) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Periodontal disease is represented by mean PD and %BOP. “Medicine 1” indicates anti-hyperlipidemic drug use and “Medicine 2” is anti-hypertensive drug or anti-diabetes drug use. The e1–e7 and r1–r4 designators refer to error terms and residual terms.
Fig 3
Fig 3
The metabolic syndrome (MS) two-factor model (Model 2) for males and females. Significant values are *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. The fit of Model 2 was χ2 (35) = 238.203; CFI = 0.877; RMSEA = 0.075 (0.066–0.084); SRMR = 0.042 in males and χ2 (35) = 118.504; CFI = 0.964; RMSEA = 0.042 (0.034–0.051); SRMR = 0.028 in females. The e1–e7 and r1–r4 designators refer to error terms and residual terms.
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