Access to waterless hand sanitizer improves student hand hygiene behavior in primary schools in Nairobi, Kenya

Abstract

Handwashing is difficult in settings with limited resources and water access. In primary schools within urban Kibera, Kenya, we investigated the impact of providing waterless hand sanitizer on student hand hygiene behavior. Two schools received a waterless hand sanitizer intervention, two schools received a handwashing with soap intervention, and two schools received no intervention. Hand cleaning behavior after toilet use was monitored for 2 months using structured observation. Hand cleaning after toileting was 82% at sanitizer schools (N = 2,507 toileting events), 38% at soap schools (N = 3,429), and 37% at control schools (N = 2,797). Students at sanitizer schools were 23% less likely to have observed rhinorrhea than control students (P = 0.02); reductions in student-reported gastrointestinal and respiratory illness symptoms were not statistically significant. Providing waterless hand sanitizer markedly increased student hand cleaning after toilet use, whereas the soap intervention did not. Waterless hand sanitizer may be a promising option to improve student hand cleansing behavior, particularly in schools with limited water access.

Figure 1.

Proportion of toilet use events during which a student was observed to clean hands in any way (water only, soap and water, or sanitizer) by school intervention status.

Figure 2.

Proportion of toilet use events during which a student was observed to clean hands with soap or sanitizer by school intervention status.

Figure 3.

Proportion of students observed to clean hands in any way (water only, water and soap, or sanitizer) before lunch by school intervention status.

Figure 4.

Proportion of students observed to clean hands with soap or sanitizer before lunch by intervention status.