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. 2008 Sep;2(3):223-30.
doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2008.2001868.

A 1.2-V 140-nW 10-bit Sigma-Delta Modulator for Electroencephalogram Applications

E Lopez-Morillo, R G Carvajal, F Munoz, H El Gmili, A Lopez-Martin, J Ramirez-Angulo, E Rodriguez-Villegas

A 1.2-V 140-nW 10-bit Sigma-Delta Modulator for Electroencephalogram Applications

E Lopez-Morillo et al. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst. 2008 Sep.

Abstract

This paper presents a second-order Sigma-Delta modulator for electroencephalogram applications with 10 bits of resolution, 1.2 V of supply voltage, and only 140 nW of power consumption over a bandwidth of 25 Hz. Low-voltage operation has been achieved using quasi-floating-gate-based circuits. The use of a new class-AB operational amplifier in weak inversion allows very low power consumption. Experimental results show an energy efficiency of 1.6 pJ per quantization level, making it the most energy-efficient converter reported to date in the very low signal bandwidth range.

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