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. 2013 Jul 12:3:tre-03-161-4138-1.
doi: 10.7916/D88P5Z71. Print 2013.

An update on tardive dyskinesia: from phenomenology to treatment

Olga Waln  1 , Joseph Jankovic
Affiliations

An update on tardive dyskinesia: from phenomenology to treatment

Olga Waln et al. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). .

Abstract

Tardive dyskinesia (TD), characterized by oro-buccal-lingual stereotypy, can manifest in the form of akathisia, dystonia, tics, tremor, chorea, or as a combination of different types of abnormal movements. In addition to movement disorders (including involuntary vocalizations), patients with TD may have a variety of sensory symptoms, such as urge to move (as in akathisia), paresthesias, and pain. TD is a form of tardive syndrome-a group of iatrogenic hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders caused by dopamine receptor-blocking agents. The pathophysiology of TD remains poorly understood, and treatment of this condition is often challenging. In this update, we provide the most current information on the history, nomenclature, etiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, phenomenology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of TD.

Keywords: Tardive syndrome; akathisia; dopamine receptor-blocking agents; dystonia; neuroleptics; tardive dyskinesia.

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Conflict of interest statement

Financial disclosures: During the past two years Dr. Jankovic has received Research and Center of Excellence Grants: Allergan, Inc.; Allon Therapeutics; Biotie Therapies, Inc.; Ceregene, Inc.; CHDI Foundation; Chelsea Therapeutics; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation; GE Healthcare; Huntington’s Disease Society of America; Huntington Study Group; Impax Pharmaceuticals; Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.; Lundbeck, Inc.; Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson Research; Medtronic; Merz Pharmaceuticals; National Institutes of Health; National Parkinson Foundation; Neurogen; St. Jude Medical; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd.; UCB Pharma; University of Rochester; Parkinson Study Group. Compensation/honoraria for services as a consultant or an advisory committee member: Allergan, Inc.; Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Impax Pharmaceuticals; Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.; Lundbeck, Inc.; Merz Pharmaceuticals; Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd.; UCB Pharma, US World Meds. Dr. Jankovic has aslo received royalties from the following: Cambridge, Elsevier, Hodder Arnold, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, and Wiley-Blackwell.

Conflict of Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest.

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