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. 2013 Jul 15;8(7):e66454.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066454. Print 2013.

A standardized vascular disease health check in europe: a cost-effectiveness analysis

C Andy Schuetz  1 , Peter Alperin, Swathi Guda, Andrew van Herick, Bertrand Cariou, David Eddy, Janusz Gumprecht, Antonio Nicolucci, Peter Schwarz, Nick J Wareham, Daniel R Witte, Ulf Smith
Affiliations

A standardized vascular disease health check in europe: a cost-effectiveness analysis

C Andy Schuetz et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Background: No clinical trials have assessed the effects or cost-effectiveness of health check strategies to detect and manage vascular disease. We used a mathematical model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of several health check strategies in six European countries.

Methods: We used country-specific data from Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and the United Kingdom to generate simulated populations of individuals aged 40-75 eligible for health checks in those countries (e.g. individuals without a previous diagnosis of diabetes, myocardial infarction, stroke, or serious chronic kidney disease). For each country, we used the Archimedes model to compare seven health check strategies consisting of assessments for diabetes, hypertension, lipids, and smoking. For patients diagnosed with vascular disease, treatment was simulated in a standard manner. We calculated the effects of each strategy on the incidence of type 2 diabetes, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and microvascular complications in addition to quality of life, costs, and cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY).

Results: Compared with current care, health checks reduced the incidence of MACE (6-17 events prevented per 1000 people screened) and diabetes related microvasular complications (5-11 events prevented per 1000 people screened), and increased QALYs (31-59 discounted QALYs) over 30 years, in all countries. The cost per QALY of offering a health check to all individuals in the study cohort ranged from €14903 (France) to cost saving (Poland). Pre-screening the population and offering health checks only to higher risk individuals lowered the cost per QALY. Pre-screening on the basis of obesity had a cost per QALY of €10200 (France) or less, and pre-screening with a non-invasive risk score was similar.

Conclusions: A vascular disease health check would likely be cost effective at 30 years in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, and the United Kingdom.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: CAS, PA, SG, AvH, and DE are employees of Archimedes Inc, and declare financial support for the submitted work from Novo Nordisk Company. BC has served on the advisory panel for Novo Nordisk, and received research support from Novo Nordisk. AN has board membership for Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Novartis, does consultancy of Novo Nordisk, and has research grants from Novo Nordisk, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Eli Lilly, and Sanofi Aventis. PS is a board member of EMPERRA GmbH. The remaining authors declare no support from any organization for the submitted work. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. QALYs gained at 30 years per 1000 individuals offered a health check.
PS  =  Pre-screening.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Total medical costs versus QALYs gained at 30 years (discounted) per 1000 individuals screened.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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