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Review
. 2013:2013:796373.
doi: 10.1155/2013/796373. Epub 2013 Jun 26.

Natural treatment systems as sustainable ecotechnologies for the developing countries

Qaisar Mahmood  1 , Arshid Pervez, Bibi Saima Zeb, Habiba Zaffar, Hajra Yaqoob, Muhammad Waseem, Zahidullah, Sumera Afsheen
Affiliations
Review

Natural treatment systems as sustainable ecotechnologies for the developing countries

Qaisar Mahmood et al. Biomed Res Int. 2013.

Erratum in

Abstract

The purpose of natural treatment systems is the re-establishment of disturbed ecosystems and their sustainability for benefits to human and nature. The working of natural treatment systems on ecological principles and their sustainability in terms of low cost, low energy consumption, and low mechanical technology is highly desirable. The current review presents pros and cons of the natural treatment systems, their performance, and recent developments to use them in the treatment of various types of wastewaters. Fast population growth and economic pressure in some developing countries compel the implementation of principles of natural treatment to protect natural environment. The employment of these principles for waste treatment not only helps in environmental cleanup but also conserves biological communities. The systems particularly suit developing countries of the world. We reviewed information on constructed wetlands, vermicomposting, role of mangroves, land treatment systems, soil-aquifer treatment, and finally aquatic systems for waste treatment. Economic cost and energy requirements to operate various kinds of natural treatment systems were also reviewed.

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Figure 1
Figure 1
Various types of constructed wetlands [9].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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