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Review
. 2013 Jul 5;13(7):8640-68.
doi: 10.3390/s130708640.

Fibre optic sensors for selected wastewater characteristics

Su Sin Chong  1 , A R Abdul Aziz, Sulaiman W Harun
Affiliations
Review

Fibre optic sensors for selected wastewater characteristics

Su Sin Chong et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Demand for online and real-time measurements techniques to meet environmental regulation and treatment compliance are increasing. However the conventional techniques, which involve scheduled sampling and chemical analysis can be expensive and time consuming. Therefore cheaper and faster alternatives to monitor wastewater characteristics are required as alternatives to conventional methods. This paper reviews existing conventional techniques and optical and fibre optic sensors to determine selected wastewater characteristics which are colour, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). The review confirms that with appropriate configuration, calibration and fibre features the parameters can be determined with accuracy comparable to conventional method. With more research in this area, the potential for using FOS for online and real-time measurement of more wastewater parameters for various types of industrial effluent are promising.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Extrinsic FOS (adapted from [31]).
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Intrinsic FOS (adapted from [31]).
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Basic fibre sensor system configuration (adapted from [32]).
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Design of fibre optics sensors.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Structure of an intrinsic fibre optic sensing part (adapted from [52]).
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Schematic working principles with transmissive or reflective detection of (a) FBG and (b) LPG [53].
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Fibre optics sensors array with few types of geometries etched fibre for sensing purpose, there are including (a) De-claded OF; (b) Tapered OF; (c) Tip OF and (d) U-bent OF (adapted from [62]).
Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Optical fibre system for BOD measurement (adapted from [89]).
Figure 9.
Figure 9.
Cross-section of sensing film for BOD determination. Layer 1 is polycarbonate cover; Layer 2 is yeast immobilized in PVA; Layer 3 is charcoal acting as an optical isolator; Layer 4 is oxygen sensitive fluorescent layer; Layer 5 is inert and gas to impermeable polyester support (adapted from [85]).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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