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Meta-Analysis
. 2013 Jul 20;2013(7):CD006196.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006196.pub2.

Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia

Stephanie Sampson  1 , Mouhamad Mansour, Nicola Maayan, Karla Soares-Weiser, Clive E Adams
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia

Stephanie Sampson et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Antipsychotic medication is considered the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia and is generally regarded as highly effective, especially in controlling positive symptoms. However, long-term antipsychotic exposure has been associated with a range of adverse effects, including extra-pyramidal symptoms (EPS), neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), tardive dyskinesia and death. Intermittent drug techniques refers to the 'use of medication only during periods of incipient relapse or symptom exacerbation rather than continuously'. The aim is to reduce the risk of typical adverse effects of antipsychotics by 'reducing long-term medication exposure for patients who are receiving maintenance treatment while limiting the risk of relapse', with a further goal of improving social functioning resulting from the reduction of antipsychotic-induced side effects

Objectives: To review the effects of different intermittent drug techniques compared with maintenance treatment in people with schizophrenia or related disorders.

Search methods: We searched The Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (April 2012) and supplemented this by contacting relevant study authors, handsearching relevant intermittent drug treatment articles and manually searching reference lists.

Selection criteria: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared intermittent drug techniques with standard maintenance therapy for people with schizophrenia. Primary outcomes of interest were relapse and hospitalisation.

Data collection and analysis: At least two review authors selected trials, assessed quality and extracted data. We calculated risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of homogeneous dichotomous data and estimated the 95% confidence interval (CI) around this. For non-skewed continuous endpoint data extracted from valid scales, we estimated mean difference (MD) between groups with a 95% CI. Where data displayed heterogeneity, these were analysed using a random-effects model. Skewed data are presented in tables. We assessed overall quality for clinically important outcomes using the GRADE approach.

Main results: Of 241 records retrieved by the search, 17 trials conducted between 1961 and 2011, involving 2252 participants with follow-up from six weeks to two years, were included. Homogenous data demonstrated that instances of relapse were significantly higher in people receiving any intermittent drug treatment in the long term (n = 436, 7 RCTs, RR 2.46, 95% CI 1.70 to 3.54, moderate quality evidence). Intermittent treatment was shown to be more effective than placebo, however, and demonstrated that significantly less people receiving intermittent antipsychotics experienced full relapse by medium term (n = 290, 2 RCTs, RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.58, very low quality evidence). Hospitalisation rates were higher for people receiving any intermittent drug treatment by long term (n = 626, 5 RCTs, RR 1.65, 95% CI 1.33 to 2.06, moderate quality evidence). Results demonstrated little difference in instances of tardive dyskinesia in groups with any intermittent drug technique versus maintenance therapy, with equivocal results (displaying slight heterogeneity) at long term (n = 165, 4 RCTs, RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.58 to 2.30, low quality evidence).

Authors' conclusions: Results of this review support the existing evidence that intermittent antipsychotic treatment is not as effective as continuous, maintained antipsychotic therapy in preventing relapse in people with schizophrenia. More research is needed to assess any potential benefits or harm of intermittent treatment regarding adverse effects typically associated with maintained antipsychotic treatment, as well as any cost-effectiveness of this experimental treatment.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Stephanie Sampson ‐ none known.

Clive Elliot Adams ‐ none known.

Mouhamad Mansour ‐ none known.

Karla Soares‐Weiser ‐ I currently work for Enhance Reviews Ltd, a company that carries out systematic reviews mostly for the public sector, we currently do not provide services for the pharmaceutical industry.

Nicola Maayan ‐ I currently work for Enhance Reviews Ltd, a company that carries out systematic reviews mostly for the public sector, we currently do not provide services for the pharmaceutical industry.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, outcome: 1.1 Relapse.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, outcome: 1.29 Leaving the study early/loss to follow‐up.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 1 Relapse.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 2 Hospitalisation.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 3 Death.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 4 Global state: 1. Average score (CGI‐S, high = worse).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 5 Global state: 2. Average score (GAS, low = worse).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 6 Global state: 3. Prodromal episodes.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 7 Global state: 4. Significant improvement.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 8 Mental state: 1. Average score (BPRS, high = worse).
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 9 Mental state: 2. Negative symptom score (PANSS negative symptom subscale, high = worse).
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 12 Mental state: 5. Positive symptom score (PANSS positive symptom subscale, high = worse).
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 13 General functioning: 1. Average endpoint (LOFS, low = worse).
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 14 General functioning: 2. Social functioning score (GAF, low = worse).
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 16 General functioning: 4. Social functioning score (PAS, high = worse).
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 17 General functioning: 5. Social functioning score (SAS, high = worse).
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 19 Adverse effects: 2. Extrapyramidal side effects.
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 21 Adverse effects: 4. Need for additional medication.
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 24 Adverse effects: 7. Tardive dyskinesia.
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 26 Quality of life: 1. Average score (LQLP, low = worse).
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 27 Quality of life: 2. Average score (QLS, low = worse).
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 28 Quality of life: 3. Average score (WHOQoL‐Bref, low = worse).
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 29 Leaving the study early/ loss to follow‐up.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 1 Relapse.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 2 Hospitalisation.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 3 Death.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 4 Global state: 1. Average score (GAS, low = worse).
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 5 Global state: 2. Prodromal episodes.
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 6 Mental state: 1. Average score (BPRS, high = worse).
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 7 General functioning: 1. Average endpoint (LOFS, low = worse).
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 8 General functioning: 2. Social (PAS, high = worse).
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 9 Adverse effects: 1. Extrapyramidal side effects.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 11 Adverse effects: 3. Need for additional medication.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 12 Adverse effects: 4. Tardive dyskinesia.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 13 Quality of life: 1. Average score (QLS, low = worse).
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 14 Leaving the study early/ loss to follow‐up.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 INTERMITTENT (CRISIS INTERVENTION) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early/ loss to follow‐up.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 INTERMITTENT (GRADUALLY INCREASED DRUG‐FREE PERIODS) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 1 Relapse.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 INTERMITTENT (GRADUALLY INCREASED DRUG‐FREE PERIODS) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 2 Global state: 1. Average score (CGI‐S, high = worse).
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 INTERMITTENT (GRADUALLY INCREASED DRUG‐FREE PERIODS) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 3 Global state: 2. Average score (GAS, low = worse).
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 INTERMITTENT (GRADUALLY INCREASED DRUG‐FREE PERIODS) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 4 Mental state: 1. Average score (BPRS, high = worse).
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 INTERMITTENT (GRADUALLY INCREASED DRUG‐FREE PERIODS) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 5 Mental state: 2. Negative symptom score (PANSS negative symptom subscale, high = worse).
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 INTERMITTENT (GRADUALLY INCREASED DRUG‐FREE PERIODS) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 8 Mental state: 5. Positive symptom score (PANSS positive symptom subscale, high = worse).
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 INTERMITTENT (GRADUALLY INCREASED DRUG‐FREE PERIODS) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 9 General functioning: 1. Social functioning score (GAF, low = worse).
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4 INTERMITTENT (GRADUALLY INCREASED DRUG‐FREE PERIODS) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 11 General functioning: 3. Social functioning score (SAS, high = worse).
4.16
4.16. Analysis
Comparison 4 INTERMITTENT (GRADUALLY INCREASED DRUG‐FREE PERIODS) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 16 Adverse effects: 5. Tardive dyskinesia.
4.18
4.18. Analysis
Comparison 4 INTERMITTENT (GRADUALLY INCREASED DRUG‐FREE PERIODS) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 18 Quality of life: 1. Average score (LQLP, low = worse).
4.19
4.19. Analysis
Comparison 4 INTERMITTENT (GRADUALLY INCREASED DRUG‐FREE PERIODS) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 19 Quality of life: 2. Average score (WHOQoL‐Bref, low = worse).
4.20
4.20. Analysis
Comparison 4 INTERMITTENT (GRADUALLY INCREASED DRUG‐FREE PERIODS) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 20 Leaving the study early/ loss to follow‐up.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 INTERMITTENT (DRUG HOLIDAY) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 1 Relapse.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 INTERMITTENT (DRUG HOLIDAY) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 2 Hospitalisation.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 INTERMITTENT (DRUG HOLIDAY) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 3 Global state: 1. Average score (CGI‐S, high = worse).
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 INTERMITTENT (DRUG HOLIDAY) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 4 Global state: 2. Average score (GAS, low = worse).
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 INTERMITTENT (DRUG HOLIDAY) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 5 Global state: 3. Significant improvement.
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 INTERMITTENT (DRUG HOLIDAY) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 6 Adverse effects: 1. Need for additional medication.
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 INTERMITTENT (DRUG HOLIDAY) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 7 Adverse effects: 2. Tardive dyskinesia.
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 INTERMITTENT (DRUG HOLIDAY) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY, Outcome 9 Leaving the study early/ loss to follow‐up.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 1 Relapse.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 2 Global state: 1. significant improvement.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE versus PLACEBO, Outcome 3 Leaving the study early/ loss to follow‐up.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE (SPECIFIC DRUG) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY (SPECIFIC DRUG), Outcome 1 Relapse.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE (SPECIFIC DRUG) versus MAINTENANCE THERAPY (SPECIFIC DRUG), Outcome 2 Hospitalisation.
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Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006196

References

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Caffey 1975 {published data only}
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Uchida 2013 {published data only}
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