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. 2013 Jul 9;3(2):63-9.
doi: 10.11138/mltj/2013.3.2.063. Print 2013 Apr.

Cigarette smoking and musculoskeletal disorders

Michele Abate  1 , Daniele Vanni, Andrea Pantalone, Vincenzo Salini
Affiliations

Cigarette smoking and musculoskeletal disorders

Michele Abate et al. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. .

Abstract

Cigarette smoking has deleterious effects on the musculo-skeletal system. The loss of bone mineral content and increased incidence of fractures are the best known negative consequences. The pathogenesis is complex, due to direct toxic effects on osteoblasts/osteoclasts activity of nicotine, and indirect actions on sex and adrenocortical hormones, vitamin D, intestinal calcium absorption, vessels and oxygen supply. Smoking may favour the onset or aggravate the progression of rheumatoid arthritis and back pain. Negative influences have been observed on muscle and on tendons. Moreover, smoking habit is associated to a number of short term post-operative complications and higher resource consumption. Smoking cessation is highly advisable with positive effects on the bone metabolism on the long term. More positive and immediate results can be obtained in patients submitted to orthopedic surgery: the healing process is improved, the frequency of complications is reduced, and the length of hospital stay is shortened.

Keywords: arthritis; muscle; nicotine; osteoporosis; smoking; tendon.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pathogenetic mechanisms leading to decreased. BMC in smokers. PTH = parathermone
Figure 2
Figure 2
Pathogenetic mechanisms favouring fractures in smokers.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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