New insights in the production of aerosol antibiotics. Evaluation of the optimal aerosol production system for ampicillin-sulbactam, meropenem, ceftazidime, cefepime and piperacillin-tazobactam

Abstract

Background: Several aerosol antibiotics are on the market and several others are currently being evaluated. Aim of the study was to evaluate the aerosol droplet size of five different antibiotics for future evaluation as an aerosol administration.

Materials and methods: The nebulizers Sunmist(®), Maxineb(®) and Invacare(®) were used in combination with four different "small <6 ml" residual cups and two "large <10 ml" with different loadings 2-4-6-8 ml (8 ml only for large residual cups) with five different antibiotic drugs (ampicilln-sulbactam, meropenem, ceftazidime, cefepime and piperacillin-tazobactam). The Mastersizer 2000 (Malvern) was used to evaluate the produced droplet size from each combination

Results: Significant effect on the droplet size produced the different antibiotic (F=96.657, p<0.001) and the residual cup design (F=68.535, p<0.001) but not the different loading amount (p=0.127) and the nebulizer (p=0.715). Interactions effects were found significant only between antibiotic and residual cup (F=16.736, p<0.001). No second order interactions were found statistically significant.

Conclusion: Our results firstly indicate us indirectly that the chemical formulation of the drug is the main factor affecting the produced droplet size and secondly but closely the residual cup design.

Keywords: Aerosol; Amikacin (PubChem CID: 37768); Amphotericin B (PubChem CID: 49867934); Antibiotics; Aztreonam (PubChem CID: 5742832); Ciprofloxacin (PubChem CID: 2764); Clindamycin (PubChem CID: 29029); Colistin (PubChem CID: 5311054); Fosfomycin (PubChem CID: 73491); Gentamycin (PubChem CID: 3467); Infection; Levofloxacin (PubChem CID: 149096); Tobramycin (PubChem CID: 36294).