Neural correlates of own- and other-race face recognition in children: a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

Abstract

The present study used the functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) methodology to investigate the neural correlates of elementary school children's own- and other-race face processing. An old-new paradigm was used to assess children's recognition ability of own- and other-race faces. FNIRS data revealed that other-race faces elicited significantly greater [oxy-Hb] changes than own-race faces in the right middle frontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus regions (BA9) and the left cuneus (BA18). With increased age, the [oxy-Hb] activity differences between own- and other-race faces, or the neural other-race effect (NORE), underwent significant changes in these two cortical areas: at younger ages, the neural response to the other-race faces was modestly greater than that to the own-race faces, but with increased age, the neural response to the own-race faces became increasingly greater than that to the other-race faces. Moreover, these areas had strong regional functional connectivity with a swath of the cortical regions in terms of the neural other-race effect that also changed with increased age. We also found significant and positive correlations between the behavioral other-race effect (reaction time) and the neural other-race effect in the right middle frontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus regions (BA9). These results taken together suggest that children, like adults, devote different amounts of neural resources to processing own- and other-race faces, but the size and direction of the neural other-race effect and associated functional regional connectivity change with increased age.

Keywords: Children; Development; Face processing; Face recognition; Functional connectivity; Own-race or other-race face recognition; The other-race effect; fNIRS.

Figure 1

The experimental design: (a) Caucasian face learning phase; (b) Caucasian face testing phase; (c) Chinese face learning phase; (d) Chinese face testing phase.

Figure 2

Estimated cortical locations of the 46 NIRS channels.

Figure 2

Estimated cortical locations of the 46 NIRS channels.

Figure 2

Estimated cortical locations of the 46 NIRS channels.

Figure 3

Correlations of the beta values of the significant channels and age in years

Figure 3

Correlations of the beta values of the significant channels and age in years

Figure 4

Correlations of beta values in Channels 19/40 with other brain areas with all children’s data combined.

Figure 5

Correlations of beta values in Channels 19/40 with other brain areas in different age groups.