Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2013 Jul 23;8(7):e70120.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070120. Print 2013.

Visual impairment in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh: Andhra Pradesh - rapid assessment of visual impairment (AP-RAVI) project

Srinivas Marmamula  1 , Saggam Narsaiah, Konegari Shekhar, Rohit C Khanna, Gullapalli N Rao
Affiliations

Visual impairment in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh: Andhra Pradesh - rapid assessment of visual impairment (AP-RAVI) project

Srinivas Marmamula et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Purpose: To assess the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in urban and rural population aged ≥ 40 years in the South India state of Andhra Pradesh.

Methods: A population based cross-sectional study was conducted in which 7800 subjects were sampled from two rural and an urban locations. Visual Acuity (VA) was assessed using a tumbling E chart and eye examinations were performed by trained vision technicians. A questionnaire was used to collect personal and demographic information and previous consultation to eye care providers. Blindness and moderate Visual Impairment (VI) was defined as presenting VA <6/60 and <6/18 to 6/60 in the better eye respectively. VI included blindness and moderate VI.

Results: Of the 7800 subjects enumerated, 7378 (94.6%) were examined. Among those examined, 46.4% were male and 61.8% of them had no education. The mean age of those examined (51.7 years; standard deviation 10.9 years) was similar to those not examined (52.8 years; standard deviation 9.9 years) (p=0.048). Age and gender adjusted prevalence of VI was 14.3% (95% CI: 13.5-15.0). Refractive errors were the leading cause of VI accounting for 47.6% of all VI followed by cataract (43.7%). Together, they contributed to over 91.3% of the total VI. With multiple logistic regression, the odds of having VI increased significantly with increasing age. Those respondents who had no education were twice (95% CI: 1.7-2.5) more likely to have VI compared to those who were educated. VI was associated with rural residence (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.6). The association between VI and gender was not statistically significant.

Conclusions: The visual impairment remains a public health challenge in Andhra Pradesh, most of which can be addressed with relatively straight forward interventions like cataract surgery and spectacles. The eye care services need to be streamlined to address this challenge.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Map showing the three study locations; Warangal (rural), Khammam (rural) and Krishna (Vijayawada-urban).
Figure 2
Figure 2. Pie-chart showing the causes of visual impairment among those who had moderate visual impairment and blindness.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Marmamula S, Keeffe JE, Rao GN (2012) Rapid assessment methods in eye care: An overview. Indian J Ophthalmol 60: 416–422. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rao GN, Khanna R, Payal A (2011) The global burden of cataract. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 22: 4–9. - PubMed
    1. Pascolini D, Mariotti SP (2012) Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010. Br J Ophthalmol 96: 614–618. - PubMed
    1. Census (2011) Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Census of India 2011. In: Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, editors. New Delhi.
    1. Dandona L, Dandona R, Srinivas M, Giridhar P, Vilas K, et al. (2001) Blindness in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42: 908–916. - PubMed