Extraction, chemical characterization and biological activity determination of broccoli health promoting compounds

Abstract

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica) contains substantial amount of health-promoting compounds such as vitamins, glucosinolates, phenolic compounds, and dietary essential minerals; thus, it benefits health beyond providing just basic nutrition, and consumption of broccoli has been increasing over the years. This review gives an overview on the extraction and separation techniques, as well as the biological activity of some of the above mentioned compounds which have been published in the period January 2008 to January 2013. The work has been distributed according to the different families of health promoting compounds discussing the extraction procedures and the analytical techniques employed for their characterization. Finally, information about the different biological activities of these compounds has been also provided.

Keywords: 1,2-benzenedithiol; 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid); 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid); AA; AAS; ABTS; ACN; AES; Advanced characterization methods; AlCl(3); Biological activity assessment; Broccoli; C(6)H(4)(SH)(2); C(6)H(8)O(7); Cl(3)CH; DAD; DCM; DHAA; DTT; ECD; EDTA; ESI; EtOAc; EtOH; Extraction techniques; FA; FAMEs; FCR; FES; FID; FLD; FMOC-Cl; FRAP; FTICR; FTIR; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance; GC×GC; GLSs; GRA; H(2)C(2)O(4); H(2)O(2); H(3)BO(3); HAc; HCl; HClO(4); HNO(3); HSCCC; Health promoting compounds; IC; ICP; IEC; ITCs; KCl; KOH; LC; MAE; MECK; MES; MPA; MS/MS; MeOH; NAA; NADPH; NH(4)C(2)H(3)O(2); NMR; NS; Na(2)B(4)O(7); NaC(2)H(3)O(2); NaF; NaH(2)PO(4); NaNO(2); NaOH; OES; ORAC; PBS; Phytochemicals; RPLC; RT-PCR; SDS; SEC; SF; SFE; SPE; TCA; TCD; TCEP; TEAC; THF; TLC; TOC; Tris–HCl; UPLC; USDA; United States Department of Agriculture; X-ray fluorescence; XRF; acetic acid; acetonitrile; aluminium chloride; ammonium acetate; ascorbic acid or vitamin C; atomic absorption spectroscopy; atomic emission spectroscopy; boric acid; chloroform; citric acid; clucosinolates; comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography; dehydroascorbic acid; dichloromethane or methylene chloride; diode array detector; dithiothreitol; electrochemical detector; electrospray ionization; ethanol; ethyl acetate; ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; fatty acids methyl esters; ferric reducing antioxidant power; flame emission spectroscopy; flame ionization detector; fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride; fluorescence detector; folin-ciocalteu reagent; formic acid; glucoraphanin; high speed counter current chromatography; hydrochloric acid; hydrogen peroxide; inductively coupled plasma; ion chromatography; ion-exchange chromatography; isothiocyanates; liquid chromatographic; mercaptoethanol; meta-phosphoric acid; methanol; micellar electrokinetic chromatography; microwave assisted extraction; neutron activation analysis; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; nitric acid; not specified; nuclear magnetic resonance; optical emission spectroscopy; oxalic acid; oxygen radical absorbance capacity; perchloric acid; phosphate buffer saline; potassium chloride; potassium hydroxide; reverse phase liquid chromatography; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; size exclusion chromatography; sodium acetate; sodium borate; sodium dihydrogen phosphate; sodium dodecyl sulfate; sodium fluoride; sodium hydroxide; sodium nitrite; solid phase extraction; sulforaphane; supercritical fluid extraction; tandem mass spectrometry; tetrahydrofuran; thermal conductivity detector; thin layer chromatography; tocopherol; trichloroacetic acid; tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine; tris–hydrochloride; trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; ultra performance liquid chromatography; β-MET.