Cardiovascular disease risk factors among HIV-infected Nigerians receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy

Abstract

Background: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has become more accessible to Human immunodeficiency virus infection/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients worldwide. There is growing concern that the metabolic complications associated with HIV and HAART may increase cardiovascular risk and lead to cardiovascular diseases. We, therefore, set out to describe the cardiovascular risk profile of HIV/AIDS patients receiving HAART at a health facility in northern part of Nigeria.

Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Consenting patients, who had been receiving HAART, were compared with age and sex matched HAART-naive subjects. Questionnaire interview, electrocardiography, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were conducted under standard conditions. Blood samples were obtained for the determination of plasma glucose, uric acid and lipid levels.

Results: Two hundred subjects were studied, 100 were on HAART (group 1) and the other 100 (group 2) were HAART-naive. Subjects' mean age for all the participants was 32.5 (7.6) years. The prevalence of hypertension was 17% in group 1 and 2% in group 2 (P < 0.001). Similarly, 11% and 21% of group 1 subjects were obese or had metabolic syndrome compared with 2% and 9% of group 2 patients (P < 0.05 for both).

Conclusion: HAART treatment was associated with significantly higher prevalences of hypertension, obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Keywords: Cardiovascular risk factors; Nigeria; highly active antiretroviral therapy; human immunodeficiency virus infection/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; metabolic syndrome.

Figure 1

Types of HAART regimen among group 1 respondents 3TC – lamivudine; FTC – emtricitavine; AZT – zidovudine; D4T – stavudine; TDF – tenoforvir; NVP – nevirapine; EFV – effaviranz; LPVr – ritonovir boosted lopinavir