Evaluation of the isoflurane-sparing effects of fentanyl, lidocaine, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, or the combination lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine during ovariohysterectomy in dogs

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the isoflurane-sparing effects of an intravenous (IV) constant rate infusion (CRI) of fentanyl, lidocaine, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, or lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine (LKD) in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Study design: Randomized, prospective, blinded, clinical study.

Animals: Fifty four dogs.

Methods: Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane with one of the following IV treatments: butorphanol/saline (butorphanol 0.4 mg kg(-1), saline 0.9% CRI, CONTROL/BUT); fentanyl (5 μg kg(-1), 10 μg kg(-1) hour(-1), FENT); ketamine (1 mg kg(-1), 40 μg kg(-1) minute(-1), KET), lidocaine (2 mg kg(-1), 100 μg kg(-1) minute(-1), LIDO); dexmedetomidine (1 μg kg(-1), 3 μg kg(-1) hour(-1), DEX); or a LKD combination. Positive pressure ventilation maintained eucapnia. An anesthetist unaware of treatment and end-tidal isoflurane concentration (Fe'Iso) adjusted vaporizer settings to maintain surgical anesthetic depth. Cardiopulmonary variables and Fe'Iso concentrations were monitored. Data were analyzed using anova (p < 0.05).

Results: At most time points, heart rate (HR) was lower in FENT than in other groups, except for DEX and LKD. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was lower in FENT and CONTROL/BUT than in DEX. Overall mean ± SD Fe'Iso and % reduced isoflurane requirements were 1.01 ± 0.31/41.6% (range, 0.75 ± 0.31/56.6% to 1.12 ± 0.80/35.3%, FENT), 1.37 ± 0.19/20.8% (1.23 ± 0.14/28.9% to 1.51 ± 0.22/12.7%, KET), 1.34 ± 0.19/22.5% (1.24 ± 0.19/28.3% to 1.44 ± 0.21/16.8%, LIDO), 1.30 ± 0.28/24.8% (1.16 ± 0.18/32.9% to 1.43 ± 0.32/17.3%, DEX), 0.95 ± 0.19/54.9% (0.7 ± 0.16/59.5% to 1.12 ± 0.16/35.3%, LKD) and 1.73 ± 0.18/0.0% (1.64 ± 0.21 to 1.82 ± 0.14, CONTROL/BUT) during surgery. FENT and LKD significantly reduced Fe'Iso.

Conclusions and clinical relevance: At the doses administered, FENT and LKD had greater isoflurane-sparing effect than LIDO, KET or CONTROL/BUT, but not at all times. Low HR during FENT may limit improvement in MAP expected with reduced Fe'Iso.

Keywords: analgesia; anesthesia; balanced anesthesia; dog; isoflurane.