Ritonavir and efavirenz significantly alter the metabolism of erlotinib--an observation in primary cultures of human hepatocytes that is relevant to HIV patients with cancer

Abstract

Erlotinib is approved for the treatment of non-small cell lung and pancreatic cancers, and is metabolized by CYP3A4. Inducers and inhibitors of CYP3A enzymes such as ritonavir and efavirenz, respectively, may be used as part of the highly active antiretroviral therapy drugs to treat patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). When HIV patients with a malignancy need treatment with erlotinib, there is a potential of as-yet-undefined drug-drug interaction. We evaluated these interactions using human hepatocytes benchmarked against the interaction of erlotinib with ketoconazole and rifampin, the archetype cytochrome P450 inhibitor and inducer, respectively. Hepatocytes were treated with vehicle [0.1% dimethylsulfoxide, ritonavir (10 μM)], ketoconazole (10 μM), efavirenz (10 μM), or rifampin (10 μM) for 4 days. On day 5, erlotinib (5 μM) was incubated with the above agents for another 24-48 hours. Concentrations of erlotinib and O-desmethyl erlotinib were quantitated in collected samples (combined lysate and medium) using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The half-life (t(½)) of erlotinib increased from 10.6 ± 2.6 to 153 ± 80 and 23.9 ± 4.8 hours, respectively, upon treatment with ritonavir and ketoconazole. The apparent intrinsic clearance (C(Lint, app)) of erlotinib was lowered 16-fold by ritonavir and 1.9-fold by ketoconazole. Efavirenz and rifampin decreased t1/2 of erlotinib from 10.3 ± 1.1 to 5.0 ± 1.5 and 3.4 ± 0.2 hours, respectively. Efavirenz and rifampin increased the C(Lint, app) of erlotinib by 2.2- and 2-fold, respectively. Our results suggest that to achieve desired drug exposure, the clinically used dose (150 mg daily) of erlotinib may have to be significantly reduced (25 mg every other day) or increased (300 mg daily), respectively, when ritonavir or efavirenz is coadministered.

Fig. 1.

Time-course of erlotinib depletion (A) and formation of desmethyl erlotinib (B) in primary cultures of human hepatocytes treated with DMSO (○), ritonavir (●) or ketoconazole (□). Data are representative of three to six individual experiments each performed in duplicate. Error bars represent standard deviation.

Fig. 2.

Predicted human hepatic or oral clearance (CL_hep or CL_oral) of erlotinib from primary cultures of human hepatocytes treated with DMSO, ritonavir, or ketoconazole. *P < 0.05 versus DMSO; nonparametric Friedman analysis of variance followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test.

Fig. 3.

Time-course of erlotinib depletion (A) and formation of desmethyl erlotinib (B) in primary cultures of human hepatocytes treated with DMSO (○), efavirenz (●), or rifampin (□). Data are representative of three individual experiments each performed in duplicate. Error bars represent standard deviation.

Fig. 4.

Predicted human hepatic or oral clearance (CL_hep or CL_oral) of erlotinib from primary cultures of human hepatocytes treated with DMSO, efavirenz, or rifampin. *P < 0.05 versus DMSO; nonparametric Friedman analysis of variance followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test.

Fig. 5.

Recovery of ritonavir-mediated inhibition (top) and efavirenz-mediated induction (bottom) of erlotinib metabolism in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. Data are representative of three individual experiments each performed in duplicate. Error bars represent standard deviation.