Side-alternating vibration training for balance and ankle muscle strength in untrained women

Abstract

Context: Side-alternating vibration (SAV) may help reduce the risk of falling by improving body balance control. Such training has been promoted as a strength-training intervention because it can increase muscle activation through an augmented excitatory input from the muscle spindles.

Objective: To determine the effect of SAV training on static balance during 3 postural tasks of increasing difficulty and lower limb strength.

Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting: Laboratory.

Patients or other participants: A total of 21 healthy women were divided into training (n = 11; age = 43.35 ± 4.12 years, height = 169 ± 6.60 cm, mass = 68.33 ± 11.90 kg) and control (n = 10; age = 42.31 ± 3.73 years, height = 167 ± 4.32 cm, mass = 66.29 ± 10.74 kg) groups.

Intervention(s): The training group completed a 9-week program during which participants performed 3 sessions per week of ten 15-second isometric contractions with a 30-second active rest of 3 exercises (half-squat, wide-stance squat, 1-legged half-squat) on an SAV plate (acceleration = 0.91-16.3g). The control group did not participate in any form of exercise over the 9-week period.

Main outcome measure(s): We evaluated isokinetic and isometric strength of the knee extensors and flexors and ankle plantar flexors, dorsiflexors, and evertors. Static balance was assessed using 3 tasks of increasing difficulty (quiet bipedal stance, tandem stance, 1-legged stance). The electromyographic activity of the vastus lateralis, semitendinosus, medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and peroneus longus was recorded during postural task performance, baseline and pretraining, immediately posttraining, and 15 days posttraining.

Results: After training in the training group, ankle muscle strength improved (P = .03), whereas knee muscle strength remained unaltered (P = .13). Improved ankle-evertor strength was observed at all angular velocities (P = .001). Postural sway decreased in both directions but was greater in the mediolateral (P < .001) than anteroposterior (P = .02) direction. The electromyographic activity of the peroneus longus increased during the sharpened tandem (P = .001) and 1-legged tasks (P = .007). No changes were seen in the control group for any measures.

Conclusions: The SAV training could enhance ankle muscle strength and reduce postural sway during static balance performance. The reduction in mediolateral sway could be associated with the greater use of ankle evertors due to their strength improvement.

Figure 1.

Representative trace of center-of-pressure displacement (mm) in the anteroposterior and mediolateral directions and electromyographic activity during the balance tasks of A, quiet bipedal stance, B, tandem stance, and C, 1-legged stance, for the peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, and semitendinosus at baseline/pretraining, posttraining, and 15 days posttraining.

Figure 2.

The peak-to-peak amplitude of center-of-pressure displacement in the A, anteroposterior axis, and B, mediolateral axis; and the SD of center-of-pressure displacement in the C, anteroposterior axis, and D, mediolateral axis, across the 3 postural tasks of quiet bipedal stance, tandem stance, and 1-legged stance at baseline/pretraining, immediately posttraining, and at 15 days posttraining for the training and control groups. ^a Indicates lower than baseline/pretraining (P < .05). ^b Indicates lower than posttraining (P < .05). Figure continued on next page.

Figure 2.

Continued.

Figure 3.

Normalized electromyography during quiet bipedal stance, tandem stance, and 1-legged stance recorded at baseline/immediately pretraining, immediately posttraining, and 15 days posttraining from the A, peroneus longus, B, tibialis anterior, C, medial gastrocnemius, D, vastus lateralis, and E, semitendinosus. ^a Indicates higher than baseline/pretraining (P < .05). ^b Indicates higher than posttraining (P < .05). Figure continued on next page.

Figure 3.

Continued.