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. 2013 Apr;3(1):63-70.
doi: 10.1159/000350397.

Cardiorenal syndrome type 4: a review

Anna Clementi, Grazia Maria Virzì, Ching Yan Goh, Dinna N Cruz, Antonio Granata, Girogio Vescovo, Claudio Ronco

Cardiorenal syndrome type 4: a review

Anna Clementi et al. Cardiorenal Med. 2013 Apr.

Abstract

There is a bidirectional and complex relationship between the heart and kidneys. This interaction is physical, chemical as well as biological and is also reflected in a strong connection between renal and cardiovascular diseases. Cardiorenal syndrome type 4 (CRS type 4) is characterized by primary chronic kidney disease (CKD) leading to an impairment of cardiac function, with ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, and/or increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. The incidence of CKD is increasing, and CRS type 4 is becoming a major public health problem associated with a high morbidity and mortality. In this study, we briefly review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of CRS type 4, the role of biomarkers in its early identification, and its management.

Keywords: Biomarkers; Cardiorenal syndrome type 4; Cardiovascular events; Chronic kidney disease.

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Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Schematic of CRS type 4 (chronic renocardiac syndrome). DM = Diabetes mellitus; HP = Hypertension; RAAS = renin angiotensin aldosterone system.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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