T cell Receptor Signal Transduction in T lymphocytes

Abstract

The T cell receptor (TCR) recognizes self or foreign antigens presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Engagement of the TCR triggers the formation of multi-molecular signalosomes that lead to the generation of second messengers and subsequent activation of multiple distal signaling cascades, such as the Ca⁺²-calcineurin-NFAT, RasGRP1-Ras-Erk1/2, PKCθ-IKK-NFκB, and TSC1/2-mTOR pathways. These signaling cascades control many aspects of T cell biology. Mechanisms have been evolved to fine-tune TCR signaling to maintain T cell homeostasis and self-tolerance, and to properly mount effective responses to microbial infection. Defects or deregulation of TCR signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple human diseases.

Keywords: Diacylglycerol kinase; Mammalian target of rapamycin; T cell activation; T cell anergy; T cell development; T cell receptor; T cell tolerance.

Figure 1

Schematic illustration of TCR signaling.

Figure 2

mTOR signaling and its regulation in T cells.