Hydrocephalus following severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Incidence, timing, and clinical predictors during rehabilitation

Abstract

Objective: To investigate timing and clinical predictors that might predict hydrocephalus emerging during rehabilitation until 1 year following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Background: Posttraumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) may lead to clinical deterioration and poor outcome if untreated. However, PTH can be successfully treated if detected. Nevertheless, PTH is easily overlooked during rehabilitation, particularly in severe cases.

Method: We prospectively followed all patients (n = 444) in Eastern Denmark (population 2.5 mill) sustaining severe TBI, who required lengthy rehabilitation between 2000 and 2010. All patients with PTH were tracked retrospectively. Demographics, surgery, injury severity, consciousness level, and disability were compared for patients with versus without PTH. Independent predictors of PTH during rehabilitation were identified through multiple logistic regression models.

Results: PTH occurred in 14.2% and 3/4 emerged during rehabilitation. Patients with PTH were older, had more severe brain injuries, were more frequently in vegetative state, and needed longer rehabilitation stays. After adjusted analyses, however, only older age and low level of consciousness were independently associated with PTH.

Conclusion: Most cases of PTH emerge during rehabilitation. Therefore, attention towards this complication should be present also beyond the acute stage after TBI, particularly among older patients and patients with severe disordered consciousness.

Keywords: Brain injury; hydrocephalus; prediction; rehabilitation; traumatic.