Nutrition support during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in adults: a retrospective audit of 86 patients

Abstract

Purpose: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly being used to support critically ill patients with severe cardiac and/or respiratory failure. It has been claimed that the resulting haemodynamic alterations, particularly in venoarterial ECMO, mean that enteral feeding is unsafe and/or poorly tolerated. This study aims to investigate this question and to identify any barriers to optimal nutrition.

Methods: Data were retrospectively collected for 86 patients who received ECMO between January 2007 and July 2012 in a tertiary critical care unit/ECMO referral centre. All were fed using existing protocols that emphasise early enteral feeding in preference over parenteral or delayed enteral nutrition.

Results: Thirty-one patients required ECMO for cardiac failure, and all of these received venoarterial ECMO; the remainder received venovenous ECMO. Enteral feeds started for all patients at average 13.1 h [standard deviation (SD) 16.7 h] after ICU admission, reaching goal rate on day 2.6 (SD 1.4). Thirty-three patients experienced significant feeding intolerance during the first 5 days, but of these 20 were managed effectively with prokinetic medications; 18 required parenteral nutrition to supplement inadequately tolerated tube feeds. Intolerance did not differ between ECMO modes. Overall patients tolerated 79.7% of goal nutrition each day in the first 2 weeks.

Conclusions: Enteral feeding can be well tolerated by patients who are receiving ECMO, whether in venovenous or venoarterial mode. ECMO should not exclude patients from receiving the well-documented benefits of early enteral feeding in critical illness.