[Placental pathology of uteroplacental vascular deficiency]

Abstract

The indications of the pathological examination of the placenta are mainly represented by uteroplacental vascular deficiency. The clinical context is often evocative, but it can sometimes be solely an intra-uterine growth retardation or an unexplained in utero fetal death. So, the pathological lesions of this uteroplacental vascular deficiency must be well-known to be correctly interpreted, for none of these lesions is truly specific. The pathological diagnosis is based on a group of macroscopic and microscopic arguments. Various physiopathological mechanisms, often imperfectly known, can be at the origin of an uteroplacental vascular insufficiency, but in the current position, the pathological examination does not allow etiopathogenic orientation. The development of the trophoblastic biopsies gives us access to a new material which, in parallel with the cytogenetic analysis, often allows us, in front of an unexplained intra-uterine growth retardation, to direct the diagnosis towards uteroplacental vascular insufficiency. The histological analysis of the chorionic villous sampling taken precociously during pathological pregnancies is thus a major diagnostic contribution. But especially, this analysis gives access to new information which, in the near future, will enable us to better define the pathological evolution of the lesions of hypoxic chorionic villous and to contribute to a better knowledge of this pathology which, under many aspects, still conceals many mysteries.

Keywords: Hypoxia; Hypoxie placentaire; Lésions vasculaires placentaires; Pathologie placentaire; Placenta; Placental diseases; Vascular placental lesions.