Parasympathetic activity and blood catecholamine responses following a single partial-body cryostimulation and a whole-body cryostimulation

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a single whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) and a partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) (i.e., not exposing the head to cold) on indices of parasympathetic activity and blood catecholamines. Two groups of 15 participants were assigned either to a 3-min WBC or PBC session, while 10 participants constituted a control group (CON) not receiving any cryostimulation. Changes in thermal, physiological and subjective variables were recorded before and during the 20-min after each cryostimulation. According to a qualitative statistical analysis, an almost certain decrease in skin temperature was reported for all body regions immediately after the WBC (mean decrease±90% CL, -13.7±0.7°C) and PBC (-8.3±0.3°C), which persisted up to 20-min after the session. The tympanic temperature almost certainly decreased only after the WBC session (-0.32±0.04°C). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were very likely increased after the WBC session, whereas these changes were trivial in the other groups. In addition, heart rate almost certainly decreased after PBC (-10.9%) and WBC (-15.2%) sessions, in a likely greater proportion for WBC compared to PBC. Resting vagal-related heart rate variability indices (the root-mean square difference of successive normal R-R intervals, RMSSD, and high frequency band, HF) were very likely increased after PBC (RMSSD: +54.4%, HF: +138%) and WBC (RMSSD: +85.2%, HF: +632%) sessions without any marked difference between groups. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations were likely to very likely increased after PBC (+57.4%) and WBC (+76.2%), respectively. Finally, cold and comfort sensations were almost certainly altered after WBC and PBC, sensation of discomfort being likely more pronounced after WBC than PBC. Both acute cryostimulation techniques effectively stimulated the autonomic nervous system (ANS), with a predominance of parasympathetic tone activation. The results of this study also suggest that a whole-body cold exposure induced a larger stimulation of the ANS compared to partial-body cold exposure.

Figure 1. Schematic representation of the experimental protocol.

Each subject experienced a unique whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) or partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) session or no session (CON) for 3-min, immediately preceded and followed by the same measurements. Perceived sensations were recorded during each camera recording.

Figure 2. Examples of thermograms obtained immediately before (a, b) and after (c, d) a partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) session (A) and a whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) session (B).

The black shapes represent the different body regions of interests for the front and back faces.

Figure 3. Changes in the mean skin temperature of the different body regions of interests.

Values were recorded before (Pre), immediately after (Post) and for 20-min (P1 to P20) after whole-body cryostimulation (WBC), and partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) sessions, and in the control (CON) condition. Within-group change (Post conditions vs. Pre): * likely; ** very likely; *** almost certain. Between-group (vs. CON) difference in the change: # likely; ## very likely; ### almost certain. Between-group (PBC vs. WBC) difference in the change: § likely; §§ very likely; §§§ almost certain.

Figure 4. Changes in tympanic temperature.

Values were recorded before (Pre), immediately (Post), 5-min (P5), and 20-min (P20) after whole-body cryostimulation (WBC), and partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) sessions, and the control (CON) condition. Within-group change (Post conditions vs. Pre): * likely; ** very likely; *** almost certain. Between-group (vs. CON) difference in the change: # likely; ## very likely; ### almost certain. Between-group (PBC vs. WBC) difference in the change: § likely; §§ very likely; §§§ almost certain.

Figure 5. Changes (Cohen’s d or effect size) in blood pressure, heart rate and HRV indices of parasympathetic activity from pre to post whole-body cryostimulation (WBC), and partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) sessions, and for the control (CON) condition.

Circles around the plots highlight very likely to almost certain differences in the change. The shaded area represents the smallest worthwhile change. Between-group (vs. CON) difference in the change: # likely; ## very likely; ### almost certain. Between-group (PBC vs. WBC) difference in the change: § likely; §§ very likely; §§§ almost certain.

Figure 6. Changes (Cohen’s d or effect size) in plasma concentrations in catecholamines from pre to post whole-body cryostimulation (WBC), and partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) sessions, and for the control (CON) condition.

Circles around the plots highlight likely to almost certain differences in the change. The shaded area represents the smallest worthwhile change. Between-group (vs. CON) difference in the change: # likely; ## very likely; ### almost certain. Between-group (PBC vs. WBC) difference in the change: § likely; §§ very likely; §§§ almost certain.

Figure 7. Changes in thermal and comfort sensation scores.

Values were recorded before (Pre), immediately (Post), 5-min (P5), and 20-min (P20) after whole-body cryostimulation (WBC), and partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) sessions, and the control (CON) condition. Within-group change (Post conditions vs. Pre): * likely; ** very likely; *** almost certain. Between-group (vs. CON) difference in the change: # likely; ## very likely; ### almost certain. Between-group (PBC vs. WBC) difference in the change: § likely; §§ very likely; §§§ almost certain.