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. 2013 Oct;89(4):709-16.
doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0568. Epub 2013 Sep 3.

Formative research on hygiene behaviors and geophagy among infants and young children and implications of exposure to fecal bacteria

Francis M Ngure  1 , Jean H Humphrey, Mduduzi N N Mbuya, Florence Majo, Kuda Mutasa, Margaret Govha, Exevia Mazarura, Bernard Chasekwa, Andrew J Prendergast, Valerie Curtis, Kathyrn J Boor, Rebecca J Stoltzfus
Affiliations

Formative research on hygiene behaviors and geophagy among infants and young children and implications of exposure to fecal bacteria

Francis M Ngure et al. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013 Oct.

Abstract

We conducted direct observation of 23 caregiver-infant pairs for 130 hours and recorded wash-related behaviors to identify pathways of fecal-oral transmission of bacteria among infants. In addition to testing fingers, food, and drinking water of infants, three infants actively ingested 11.3 ± 9.2 (mean ± SD) handfuls of soil and two ingested chicken feces 2 ± 1.4 times in 6 hours. Hand washing with soap was not common and drinking water was contaminated with Escherichia coli in half (12 of 22) of the households. A one-year-old infant ingesting 1 gram of chicken feces in a day and 20 grams of soil from a laundry area of the kitchen yard would consume 4,700,000-23,000,000 and 440-4,240 E. coli, respectively, from these sources. Besides standard wash and nutrition interventions, infants in low-income communities should be protected from exploratory ingestion of chicken feces, soil, and geophagia for optimal child health and growth.

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