Incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer by socioeconomic status and urban residence: Canada 1991-2006

Abstract

Background: The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing in Canada. The purpose of this study was to investigate the following questions. First, what was the magnitude of increased incidence of thyroid cancer in Canada from 1991-2006? Second, is there an association between socioeconomic status (SES) and thyroid cancer incidence in Canada? Third, does the relationship between SES and the incidence of thyroid cancer vary by rural/urban status?

Methods: Thyroid cancer cases were drawn from the Canadian Cancer Registry. Demographic and socioeconomic information were extracted from the Canadian Census of Population data. We linked cases to income quintiles (InQs) according to patients' postal codes, and categorized place of residence into city, town, or rural. We then performed a negative binomial regression analysis on the incidence of thyroid cancer to identify relationships between these variables.

Results: The overall incidence of thyroid cancer in Canada increased by 156% between 1991 and 2006. Incidence was significantly lower among individuals from lower InQs (incidence rate ratio 0.77 for lowest InQ compared to highest). The incidence of thyroid cancer was more than 25% lower in towns or rural areas compared to cities, after controlling for SES and demographic factors. Lastly, when we allowed the relationship between thyroid cancer incidence and geography of residence to vary by SES, we found that the difference in incidence between highest and lowest InQs was significantly larger in cities than in towns and was insignificant in rural areas.

Conclusions: Our study confirmed a dramatic increase in thyroid cancer incidence in Canada. Thyroid cancer incidence was significantly higher in higher InQs and in cities. These data support the theory that increased access to imaging is largely responsible for this increased incidence.