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Meta-Analysis
. 2013 Sep 9;2013(9):CD005330.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005330.pub4.

Media-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy and behavioural therapy (self-help) for anxiety disorders in adults

Evan Mayo-Wilson  1 , Paul Montgomery
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Media-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy and behavioural therapy (self-help) for anxiety disorders in adults

Evan Mayo-Wilson et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health problems. They are chronic and unremitting. Effective treatments are available, but access to services is limited. Media-delivered behavioural and cognitive behavioural interventions (self-help) aim to deliver treatment with less input from professionals compared with traditional therapies.

Objectives: To assess the effects of media-delivered behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapies for anxiety disorders in adults.

Search methods: Published and unpublished studies were considered without restriction by language or date. The Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Review Group's Specialized Register (CCDANCTR) was searched all years to 1 January 2013. The CCDANCTR includes relevant randomised controlled trials from the following bibliographic databases: The Cochrane Library (all years), EMBASE (1974 to date), MEDLINE (1950 to date) and PsycINFO (1967 to date). Complementary searches were carried out on Ovid MEDLINE (1950 to 23 February 2013) and PsycINFO (1987 to February, Week 2, 2013), together with International trial registries (the trials portal of the World Health Organization (ICTRP) and ClinicalTrials.gov). Reference lists from previous meta-analyses and reports of randomised controlled trials were checked, and authors were contacted for unpublished data.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials of media-delivered behavioural or cognitive behavioural therapy in adults with anxiety disorders (other than post-traumatic stress disorder) compared with no intervention (including attention/relaxation controls) or compared with face-to-face therapy.

Data collection and analysis: Both review authors independently screened titles and abstracts. Study characteristics and outcomes were extracted in duplicate. Outcomes were combined using random-effects models, and tests for heterogeneity and for small study bias were conducted. We examined subgroup differences by type of disorder, type of intervention provided, type of media, and recruitment methods used.

Main results: One hundred and one studies with 8403 participants were included; 92 studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. These trials compared several types of media-delivered interventions (with varying levels of support) with no treatment and with face-to-face interventions. Inconsistency and risk of bias reduced our confidence in the overall results. For the primary outcome of symptoms of anxiety, moderate-quality evidence showed medium effects compared with no intervention (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55 to 0.80; 72 studies, 4537 participants), and low-quality evidence of small effects favoured face-to-face therapy (SMD -0.23, 95% CI -0.36 to -0.09; 24 studies, 1360 participants). The intervention was associated with greater response than was seen with no treatment (risk ratio (RR) 2.34, 95% CI 1.81 to 3.03; 21 studies, 1547 participants) and was not significantly inferior to face-to-face therapy in these studies (RR 0.78, 95 % CI 0.56 to 1.09; 10 studies, 575 participants), but the latter comparison included versions of therapies that were not as comprehensive as those provided in routine clinical practice. Evidence suggested benefit for secondary outcome measures (depression, mental-health related disability, quality of life and dropout), but this evidence was of low to moderate quality. Evidence regarding harm was lacking.

Authors' conclusions: Self-help may be useful for people who are not able or are not willing to use other services for people with anxiety disorders; for people who can access it, face-to-face cognitive behavioural therapy is probably clinically superior. Economic analyses were beyond the scope of this review.Important heterogeneity was noted across trials. Recent interventions for specific problems that incorporate clinician support may be more effective than transdiagnostic interventions (i.e. interventions for multiple disorders) provided with no guidance, but these issues are confounded in the available trials.Although many small trials have been conducted, the generalisability of their findings is limited. Most interventions tested are not available to consumers. Self-help has been recommended as the first step in the treatment of some anxiety disorders, but the short-term and long-term effectiveness of media-delivered interventions has not been established. Large, pragmatic trials are needed to evaluate and to maximise the benefits of self-help interventions.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
1 Self‐help compared with no treatment. 1.3 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by disorder).
4
4
1 Self‐help compared with no treatment. 1.26 Response at post‐treatment (by disorder).
5
5
2 Self‐help compared with face‐to‐face therapy. 2.3 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by disorder).
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 2 Media‐delivered intervention compared with face‐to‐face therapy, outcome. 2.21 Response (specific), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by disorder).
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 1 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 2 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment (type of control).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 3 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by disorder).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 4 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by media).
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 5 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by therapy).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 6 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by setting).
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 7 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment (sensitivity analysis for bias).
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 8 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 9 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment (type of control).
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 10 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment (by disorder).
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 11 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment (by media).
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 12 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment (by therapy).
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 13 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment (by setting).
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 14 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment (sensitivity analysis for bias).
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 15 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment (studies also reporting clinician rated).
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 16 Specific symptoms, clinician‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 17 Specific symptoms, clinician‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 18 General symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 19 Behavioural Test (level), clinician‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 20 Behavioural Test (symptoms), self‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 21 Response (specific), self‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 22 Response (specific), self‐rated at post‐treatment (type of control).
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 23 Response (specific), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by disorder).
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 24 Response (specific), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by media).
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 25 Response (specific), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by therapy).
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 26 Response (specific), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by setting).
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 27 Response (specific), clinician‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 28 Response (general), self‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 29 Recovery, clinician‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.30
1.30. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 30 Depression, self‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.31
1.31. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 31 Depression, clinician‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.32
1.32. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 32 Depression improvement, self‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.33
1.33. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 33 Disability, self‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.34
1.34. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 34 Disability, clinician‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.35
1.35. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 35 Quality of Life, self‐rated at post‐treatment.
1.36
1.36. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 36 Dropout at post‐treatment.
1.37
1.37. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 37 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at follow‐up.
1.38
1.38. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 38 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at follow‐up.
1.39
1.39. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 39 Specific symptoms, clinician‐rated at follow‐up.
1.40
1.40. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 40 General symptoms, self‐rated at follow‐up.
1.41
1.41. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 41 Behavioural Test (level), clinician‐rated at follow‐up.
1.42
1.42. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 42 Behavioural Test (symptoms), self‐rated at follow‐up.
1.43
1.43. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 43 Response (specific), self‐rated at follow‐up.
1.44
1.44. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 44 Response (specific), clinician‐rated at follow‐up.
1.45
1.45. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 45 Response (general), self‐rated at follow‐up.
1.46
1.46. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 46 Recovery, clinician‐rated at follow‐up.
1.47
1.47. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 47 Depression, self‐rated at follow‐up.
1.48
1.48. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 48 Depression, clinician‐rated at follow‐up.
1.49
1.49. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 49 Disability, self‐rated at follow‐up.
1.50
1.50. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 50 Disability, clinician‐rated at follow‐up.
1.51
1.51. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 51 Quality of Life, self‐rated at follow‐up.
1.52
1.52. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 52 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at >6m.
1.53
1.53. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 53 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at >6m.
1.54
1.54. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 54 General symptoms, self‐rated at >6m.
1.55
1.55. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 55 Response (specific), self‐rated at >6m.
1.56
1.56. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 56 Depression, self‐rated at >6m.
1.57
1.57. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 57 Disability, self‐rated at >6m.
1.58
1.58. Analysis
Comparison 1 Media‐delivered interventions compared to no intervention, Outcome 58 Quality of Life, self‐rated at >6m.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 1 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 2 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment (group versus individual).
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 3 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by disorder).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 4 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by media).
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 5 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by therapy).
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 6 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by setting).
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 7 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at post‐treatment (sensitivity analysis for bias).
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 8 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 9 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment (group versus individual).
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 10 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment (by disorder).
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 11 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment (by media).
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 12 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment (by therapy).
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 13 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment (by setting).
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 14 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment (sensitivity analysis for bias).
2.15
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 15 Specific symptoms, clinician‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.16
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 16 General symptoms, self‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 17 Behavioural Test (level), clinician‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.18
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 18 Behavioural Test (symptoms), self‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.19
2.19. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 19 Response (specific), self‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.20
2.20. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 20 Response (specific), self‐rated at post‐treatment (group versus individual).
2.21
2.21. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 21 Response (specific), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by disorder).
2.22
2.22. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 22 Response (specific), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by media).
2.23
2.23. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 23 Response (specific), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by therapy).
2.24
2.24. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 24 Response (specific), self‐rated at post‐treatment (by setting).
2.25
2.25. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 25 Response (specific), clinician‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.26
2.26. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 26 Response (general), self‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.27
2.27. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 27 Recovery, clinician‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.28
2.28. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 28 Depression, self‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.29
2.29. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 29 Depression, clinician‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.30
2.30. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 30 Depression improvement, self‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.31
2.31. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 31 Disability, self‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.32
2.32. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 32 Disability, clinician‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.33
2.33. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 33 Quality of Life, self‐rated at post‐treatment.
2.34
2.34. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 34 Dropout at post‐treatment.
2.35
2.35. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 35 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at follow‐up.
2.36
2.36. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 36 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at follow‐up.
2.37
2.37. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 37 Specific symptoms, clinician‐rated at follow‐up.
2.38
2.38. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 38 General symptoms, self‐rated at follow‐up.
2.39
2.39. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 39 Behavioural Test (level), clinician‐rated at follow‐up.
2.40
2.40. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 40 Behavioural Test (symptoms), self‐rated at follow‐up.
2.41
2.41. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 41 Response (specific), self‐rated at follow‐up.
2.42
2.42. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 42 Response (specific), clinician‐rated at follow‐up.
2.43
2.43. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 43 Recovery, clinician‐rated at follow‐up.
2.44
2.44. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 44 Depression, self‐rated at follow‐up.
2.45
2.45. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 45 Depression, clinician‐rated at follow‐up.
2.46
2.46. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 46 Depression improvement, self‐rated at follow‐up.
2.47
2.47. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 47 Disability, self‐rated at follow‐up.
2.48
2.48. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 48 Disability, clinician‐rated at follow‐up.
2.49
2.49. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 49 Quality of Life, self‐rated at follow‐up.
2.50
2.50. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 50 Anxiety (any measure), self‐rated at >6m.
2.51
2.51. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 51 Specific symptoms, self‐rated at >6m.
2.52
2.52. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 52 Specific symptoms, clinician‐rated at >6m.
2.53
2.53. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 53 General symptoms, self‐rated at >6m.
2.54
2.54. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 54 Behavioural Test (level), clinician‐rated at >6m.
2.55
2.55. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 55 Behavioural Test (symptoms), self‐rated at >6m.
2.56
2.56. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 56 Response (specific), self‐rated at >6m.
2.57
2.57. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 57 Response (specific), clinician‐rated at >6m.
2.58
2.58. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 58 Response (general), self‐rated at >6m.
2.59
2.59. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 59 Recovery, clinician‐rated at >6m.
2.60
2.60. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 60 Depression, self‐rated at >6m.
2.61
2.61. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 61 Depression improvement, self‐rated at >6m.
2.62
2.62. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 62 Disability, self‐rated at >6m.
2.63
2.63. Analysis
Comparison 2 Media‐delivered interventions compared to face‐to‐face interventions, Outcome 63 Quality of Life, self‐rated at >6m.
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Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005330.pub3

References

References to studies included in this review

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Smith 1997 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Smith KL, Kirkby KC, Montgomery IM, Daniels BA. Computer‐delivered modeling of exposure for spider phobia: relevant versus irrelevant exposure. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1997;11(5):489‐97. - PubMed
Sorby 1991 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Sorby NG, Reavley W, Huber JW. Self help programme for anxiety in general practice: controlled trial of an anxiety management booklet. British Journal of General Practice 1991;41(351):417‐20. - PMC - PubMed
Tarrier 1986 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Tarrier N, Main CJ. Applied relaxation training for generalised anxiety and panic attacks: the efficacy of a learnt coping strategy on subjective reports. British Journal of Psychiatry 1986;149:330‐6. - PubMed
Titov 2008a {published and unpublished data}
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Johnston L, Schwencke G, Choi I. Shyness programme: longer term benefits, cost‐effectiveness, and acceptability. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2009;43(1):36‐44. - PubMed
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Schwencke G, Drobny J, Einstein D. Shyness 1: distance treatment of social phobia over the Internet. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2008;42(7):585‐94. - PubMed
    1. Titov N, Gibson M, Andrews G, McEvoy P. Internet treatment for social phobia reduces comorbidity. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2009 Aug;43(8):754‐9. - PubMed
Titov 2008b {published and unpublished data}
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Johnston L, Schwencke G, Choi I. Shyness programme: longer term benefits, cost‐effectiveness, and acceptability. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2009;43(1):36‐44. - PubMed
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Schwencke G. Shyness 2: treating social phobia online: replication and extension. Australian and New Zealalnd Journal of Psychiatry 2008;42(7):595‐605. - PubMed
    1. Titov N, Gibson M, Andrews G, McEvoy P. Internet treatment for social phobia reduces comorbidity. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2009 Aug;43(8):754‐9. - PubMed
Titov 2008c {published and unpublished data}
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Choi I, Schwencke G, Mahoney A. Shyness 3: Randomized controlled trial of guided versus unguided Internet‐based CBT for social phobia. Australian and New Zealand Journal od Psychiatry 2008;.42(12):1030‐40. - PubMed
    1. Titov N, Gibson M, Andrews G, McEvoy P. Internet treatment for social phobia reduces comorbidity. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2009 Aug;43(8):754‐9. - PubMed
Titov 2009a {published and unpublished data}
    1. Lorian CNT. Changes in risk‐taking over the course of an internet‐delivered cognitive behavioral therapy treatment for generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2012; Vol. 26, issue 1:140‐9. - PubMed
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Robinson E, Schwencke G, Johnston L, Solley K, et al. Clinician‐assisted Internet‐based treatment is effective for generalized anxiety disorder: randomized controlled trial. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2009;43(10):905‐12.
Titov 2010a {published data only}
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Johnston L, Robinson E, Spence J. Transdiagnostic Internet treatment for anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2010 Sep;48(9):890‐9. - PubMed
Titov 2010a (GAD) {published data only}
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Johnston L, Robinson E, Spence J. Transdiagnostic Internet treatment for anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2010;48(9):890‐9. - PubMed
Titov 2010a (PD) {published data only}
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Johnston L, Robinson E, Spence J. Transdiagnostic Internet treatment for anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2010;48(9):890‐9. - PubMed
Titov 2010a (SAD) {published data only}
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Johnston L, Robinson E, Spence J. Transdiagnostic Internet treatment for anxiety disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2010;48(9):890‐9. - PubMed
Titov 2010b {published data only}
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Schwencke G, Robinson E, Peters L, Spence J. Randomized controlled trial of internet cognitive behavioural treatment for social phobia with and without motivational enhancement strategies. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2010;44(10):938‐45. - PubMed
Tolin 2007 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Tolin D F, Hannan S, Maltby N, Diefenbach GJ, Worhunsky P, Brady RE. A randomized controlled trial of self‐directed versus therapist‐directed cognitive‐behavioral therapy for obsessive‐compulsive disorder patients with prior medication trials. Behavior Therapy 2007;38(2):179‐91. - PubMed
Tolin 2011 {published data only}
    1. Tolin DF, Gretchen JD, Gilliam CM. Stepped care versus standard cognitive‐behavioral therapy for obsessive‐compulsive disorder: a preliminary study of efficacy and costs. Depression and Anxiety 2011;28(4):314‐23. - PMC - PubMed
Tortella‐Feliu 2011 {published data only}
    1. Tortella‐Feliu M, Botella C, Llabres J, Breton‐Lopez JM, Amo AR, Banos RM, et al. Virtual reality versus computer‐aided exposure treatments for fear of flying. Behavior Modification 2011;35(1):3‐30. - PubMed
Tyrer 1988 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Tyrer P, Seivewright H, Johnson T. The Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder: predictors of 12‐year outcome of dysthymic, panic and generalized anxiety disorder. Psychological Medicine 2004 Nov;34(8):1385‐94. - PubMed
    1. Tyrer P, Seivewright N, Ferguson B, Murphy S, Darling C, Brothwell J, et al. The Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder: relationship between personality status and symptoms. Psychological Medicine 1990;20(2):423‐31. - PubMed
    1. Tyrer P, Seivewright N, Ferguson B, Murphy S, Johnson AL. The Nottingham study of neurotic disorder: effect of personality status on response to drug treatment, cognitive therapy and self‐help over two years. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993;162:219‐26. - PubMed
    1. Tyrer P, Seivewright N, Murphy S, Ferguson B, Kingdon D, Barczak P, et al. The Nottingham study of neurotic disorder: comparison of drug and psychological treatments. Lancet 1988 Jul 30;2(8605):235‐40. - PubMed
van Boeijen 2005a {published and unpublished data}
    1. Boeijen CA, Oppen P, Balkom AJ, Visser S, Kempe PT, Blankenstein N, et al. Treatment of anxiety disorders in primary care practice: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of General Practice 2005;55(519):763‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Varley 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Varley R, Webb, TL, Sheeran P. Making self‐help more helpful: a randomized controlled trial of the impact of augmenting self‐help materials with implementation intentions on promoting the effective self‐management of anxiety symptoms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2010;79(1):123‐8. - PubMed
Walker 2001 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Walker JR, Cox BJ, Frankel S, Torgrud LJ. Evaluating two cognitive‐behavioral self‐help approaches for generalized social phobia. Proceedings of the World Congress of Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies; July 22‐25, 2001; Vancouver, BC.
White 1995 {published and unpublished data}
    1. White J. "Stresspac": three‐year follow‐up of a controlled trial of self‐help package for the anxiety disorders. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 1998;26(2):133‐41.
    1. White J. Stresspac: a controlled trial of a self‐help package for the anxiety disorders. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 1995;23(2):89‐107.
Wims 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wims E, Titov N, Andrews G, Choi I. Clinician‐assisted Internet‐based treatment is effective for panic: a randomized controlled trial. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2010;44(7):599‐607. - PubMed
Zetterqvist 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Zetterqvist K, Maanmies J, Strom L, Andersson G. Randomized controlled trial of internet‐based stress management. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 2003;32(3):151‐60. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

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Dolezal‐Wood 1998 {published data only}
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Donner 1969 {published data only}
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Furmark 2009 {published data only}
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Gatchel 1986 {published data only}
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Gross 1979 {published data only}
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Grossman 1991 {published data only}
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Gruber 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gruber K, Moran PJ, Roth WT, Taylor C. Computer‐assisted cognitive behavioral group therapy for social phobia. Behavior Therapy 2001;32(1):155‐65.
Halpern 1995 {published data only}
    1. Halpern RF. Mastery through self‐efficacy. University of Detroit Mercy, 1995.
Hamberger 1986 {published data only}
    1. Hamberger LK, Schuldt WJ. Live and taped relaxation instructions: effects of procedural variables. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback 1986;11(1):31‐46. - PubMed
Hasson 2005 {published data only}
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Hasson 2010 {published data only}
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Hazen 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hazen RA, Vasey MW, Schmidt NB. Attentional retraining: a randomized clinical trial for pathological worry. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2009;43(6):627‐33. - PubMed
Heatherton 2004 {published data only}
    1. Heatherton J, Matheson A, Robson M. Recruitment by GPs during consultations in a primary care randomized controlled trial comparing computerized psychological therapy with clinical psychology and routine GP care: problems and possible solutions. Primary Health Care Research and Development 2004;5:5‐10.
Hecker 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hecker JE, Losee MC, Roberson‐Nay R, Maki K. Mastery of your anxiety and panic and brief therapist contact in the treatment of panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2004;18(2):111‐26. - PubMed
Hetherton 2004 {published data only}
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Hickie 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hickie IB, Davenport TA, Luscombe GM, Moore M, Griffiths KM, Christensen H. Practitioner‐supported delivery of internet‐based cognitive behaviour therapy: evaluation of the feasibility of conducting a cluster randomised trial. Medical Journal of Australia 2010;192:S31‐5. - PubMed
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Hogan 1968 {published data only}
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Hopf 1995 {published data only}
    1. Hopf T, Ayres J, Ayres F, Baker B. Does self‐help material work? Testing a manual designed to help trainers construct public speaking apprehension reduction workshops. Communication Research Reports 1995;12(1):34‐8.
Israel 1977 {published data only}
    1. Israel E, Beiman I. Live versus recorded relaxation training: a controlled investigation. Behavior Therapy 1977;8(2):251‐4.
Jannoun 1982 {published data only}
    1. Jannoun L, Oppenheimer C, Gelder M. A self‐help treatment program for anxiety state patients. Behavior Therapy 1982;13(1):103‐11.
Jarmon 1972 {published data only}
    1. Jarmon DG. Differential effectiveness of rational‐emotive therapy, bibliotherapy, and attention‐placebo in the treatment of speech anxiety (PhD). Southern Illinois University, 1972.
Jeffcoat 2012 {published data only}
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Johansson 2012 {published data only}
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Jones 2002b {published data only}
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Kahn 1968 {published data only}
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Kassinove 1980 {published data only}
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Kenwright 2005 {published data only}
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Kiely 1984 {published data only}
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Kiely 1986 {published data only}
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Kirsch 1979 {published data only}
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Kohutek 1983 {published data only}
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Kupshik 1999 {published data only}
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Lucock 2008 {published data only}
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Lucock 2011 {published data only}
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Lynch 1997 {published data only}
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Mann 1972 {published data only}
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Marchand 2007 {published data only}
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Marshall 1976 {published data only}
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Mataix‐Cols 2006 {published data only}
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Matthews 2010 {published data only}
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McGlynn 1976 {published data only}
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Moritz 2011 {published data only}
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Muroff 2012 {published data only}
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Newman 1997 {published data only}
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Pier 2008 {published data only}
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Pittaway 2009 {published data only}
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Pless 2010 {published data only}
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Pleva 2007 {published data only}
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Rahe 2002 {published data only}
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Rishel 1993 {published data only}
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Ruwaard 2007 {published data only}
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Serrano 2009 {published data only}
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Sportel 2013 {published data only}
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Titov 2009b {published data only}
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Choi I, Schwencke G, Johnston L. Randomized controlled trial of web‐based treatment of social phobia without clinician guidance. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2009;43(10):913‐9.
Titov 2009c {published data only}
    1. Titov N, Andrews G, Schwencke G, Solley K, Johnston L, Robinson E. An RCT comparing effect of two types of support on severity of symptoms for people completing Internet‐based cognitive behaviour therapy for social phobia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2009;43(10):920‐6.
van Straten 2008 {published data only}
    1. Straten A, Cuijpers P, Smits N. Effectiveness of a web‐based self‐help intervention for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2008;10(1):e7. - PMC - PubMed
Vestre 1989 {published data only}
    1. Vestre ND, Judge TJ. Evaluation of self‐administered rational emotive therapy programs for interpersonal anxiety. Journal of Rational‐Emotive and Cognitive Behavior Therapy 1989;7(3):141‐54.
Weissberg 1977 {published data only}
    1. Weissberg M. A comparison of direct and vicarious treatments of speech anxiety: desensitization, desensitization with coping imagery, and cognitive modification. Behavior Therapy 1977; Vol. 8, issue 4:606‐20.
Wolitzky‐Taylor 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wolitzky‐Taylor KB, Telch MJ. Efficacy of self‐administered treatments for pathological academic worry: a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2010;48(9):840‐50. - PubMed
Wright 1997 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wright J, Clum G, Roodman A, Febbraro G. A bibliotherapy approach to relapse prevention in individuals with panic attacks. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2000;14(5):483‐99. - PubMed
    1. Wright JH. An investigation of a minimal‐contact bibliotherapy approach to relapse prevention for individuals treated for panic attacks (PhD). Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,. Virginia Polytechnic Inst And State U., US, 1997.
Zou 2012 {published data only}
    1. Zou JB, Dear BF, Titov N, Lorian CN, Johnston L, Spence J, et al. Brief internet‐delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety in older adults: a feasibility trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2012;26(6):650‐5. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

ACTRN12610001058066 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12610001058066. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of different levels of graded support on symptoms of anxiety and depression in adults using the Internet‐based Wellbeing Course. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12610001058066.aspx‎ (accessed 26 February 2013).
ACTRN12611000116921 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12611000116921. A randomised controlled trial of a clinician‐guided education program for obsessive compulsive disorder comparing the efficacy of administration via the Internet with administration via Bibliotherapy. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12611000116921.aspx (accessed 26 February 2013).
ACTRN12611000625976 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12611000625976. A randomized controlled trial of Internet based education for social phobia, panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia), and generalised anxiety disorder, comparing immediate education versus delayed education groups on severity of symptoms of anxiety. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12611000625976.aspx (accessed 26 February 2013).
ACTRN12611000626965 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12611000626965. Internet versus face to face cognitive behaviour therapy for social phobia. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12611000626965.aspx (accessed 26 February 2013).
Andersson 2011 {published data only}
    1. Andersson G. Psychodynamic internet treatment versus cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder (NCT01312116), 2011. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01312116 (accessed 1 May 2013).
Bohus 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bohus M. Evaluation of the efficacy, mechanisms of change and efficiency of a stepped‐care program with a computer‐based self‐help module and minimal therapist contact in comparison to a standard cognitive therapy for patients with social phobia, 2010. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00434759 (accessed 1 May 2013).
Christensen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Christensen H, Guastella A, Mackinnon A, Griffiths KM, Eagleson C, Batterham P, et al. Protocol for a randomised controlled trial investigating the effectiveness of an online e‐health application compared to attention placebo or sertraline in the treatment of generalised anxiety disorder. Trials [electronic resource] 2010;11:48. - PMC - PubMed
Donker 2009 {published data only}
    1. Donker T, Straten A, Riper H, Marks I, Andersson G, Cuijpers P. Implementation of Internet‐based preventive interventions for depression and anxiety: role of support? The design of a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2009;10:59. - PMC - PubMed
DRKS00004612 {published data only}
    1. DRKS0000461. Internet‐based treatment for obsessive‐compulsive disorder－acceptance and effectiveness [Internetgestützte Behandlung von Zwangsstörungen－Akzeptanz und Wirksamkeit]. [German Clinical Trials Register] www.drks.de/DRKS0000461 (accessed 26 February 2013).
Greist 2008 {published data only}
    1. Greist JH. Cost‐effectiveness of adding Web‐based cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) to Luvox CR for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00743834 (accessed 1 May 2013).
Griffiths 2010a {published data only}
    1. Griffiths K. The wellbeing project: internet interventions to improve mental health and wellbeing (ISRCTN65657330). http://www.controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN65657330/ (accessed 1 May 2013).
    1. Griffiths KM, Crisp D, Christensen H, Mackinnon AJ, Bennett K. The ANU WellBeing study: a protocol for a quasi‐factorial randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of an Internet support group and an automated Internet intervention for depression. BMC Psychiatry 2010;10:20. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Griffiths KM, Mackinnon AJ, Crisp DA, Christensen H, Bennett K, Farrer L. The effectiveness of an online support group for members of the community with depression: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS ONE 2012;7(12):e53244. - PMC - PubMed
ISRCTN36376369 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN36376369. Stepped care for panic disorder [Stepped care voor paniekstoornis]. http://www.controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN36376369 (accessed 26 February 2013).
Kerkhof 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kerkhof AJFM. Stop worrying: the effectivity of a self‐help brochure for excessive worrying, with or without telephonic support (ISRCTN99166327). http://www.controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN99166327 (accessed 1 May 2013).
Kool 2007 {published data only}
    1. Kool L. Stepped care in depression and anxiety: from primary to secondary care (ISRCTN17831610). http://www.controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN17831610/ (accessed 1 May 2013).
Lacasse 2010 {published data only}
    1. Lacasse JR. Mindfulness and lifestyle interventions for depression and anxiety: a pilot study. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01230047 (accessed 1 May 2013) http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01230047?term=NCT01230047&rank=1.
Martinez 2008 {published data only}
    1. Martinez R. A pilot research project into the use of online resources for low mood and anxiety in the voluntary sector (ISRCTN71327173), 2008. http://www.controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN71327173/ (accessed 1 May 2013).
Moore 1998 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Moore A. An investigation of the use of self‐help booklets for clients on a waiting list: pilot study. National Research Register 1998.
Muntingh 2009 {published data only}
    1. Muntingh ADT, Feltz‐Cornelis CM, Marwijk HW, Spinhoven P, Assendelft WJ, Hakkaart‐van Roijen L, et al. Collaborative stepped care for anxiety disorders in primary care: aims and design of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Health Services Research 2009;9:159. - PMC - PubMed
NTR1260 {published data only}
    1. NTR1260. Phobias under control. Internet‐based guided self‐help for treatment of social, agora‐, or specific phobia(s): a pilot trial. [Nederlands Trial Register] www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=1260 (accessed 26 February 2013).
NTR2573 {published data only}
    1. NTR2573. A better picture of your Self: strengthening your self‐image in order to counter feelings of anxiety and depression: a study on the effectiveness of a guided self‐help intervention. [Nederlands Trial Register] http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=2573 (accessed 26 February 2013).
Schmidt 2008 {published data only}
    1. Schmidt B. Interactive computer treatment for panic disorder (NCT00063375), 2008. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00063375 (accessed 1 May 2013).
Spooner 2011 {published data only}
    1. Spooner D. Cognitive‐behavioural self‐help for depressed and anxious adults: a randomised controlled trial comparing computer based interactive self‐help versus a self‐help treatment manual. ISRCTN32111346, 2011. http://www.controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN32111346/ (accessed 1 May 2013).
Titov 2011a {published data only}
    1. Titov N. The Wellbeing Program: a randomized controlled trial of internet based treatment of anxiety and depression (ACTRN12610000247077), 2011. http://www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?id=335292 (accessed 1 May 2013).
van Ballegooijen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ballegooijen W. Don't Panic Online: a randomised trial to the effects of an internet based self‐help course for reducing panic symptoms. http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=1639 (accessed 1 May 2013).
    1. Ballegooijen W. The effects of an Internet based self‐help course for reducing panic symptoms－Don't Panic Online: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2011;11(12):75. - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12610001081000 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12610001081000. A randomised control trial of guided self help cognitive behavioural therapy for clinical perfectionism versus a guided self help cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12610001081000.aspx (accessed 26 February 2013).
ACTRN12611000321943 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12611000321943. Internet‐based cognitive‐behavioural therapy for obsessive‐compulsive disorder. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12611000321943.aspx‎ (accessed 26 February 2013).
ACTRN12611001052921 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12611001052921. Development, evaluation and implementation of an online metacognitive intervention programme for obsessive‐compulsive disorder. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12611001052921.aspx (accessed 26 February 2013).
ACTRN12611001055998 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12611001055998. The Wellbeing6 Program for Anxiety and Depression: a randomised controlled trial. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12611001055998.aspx‎ (accessed 26 February 2013).
ACTRN12612000430831 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12612000430831. Is internet‐delivered treatment specifically for symptoms of social phobia as effective as internet‐delivered treatment for symptoms of both anxiety and depression, and are self‐guided versions of these as effective as therapist‐guided versions?. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12612000430831.aspx‎ (accessed 26 February 2013).
ACTRN12612000431820 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12612000431820. Is internet‐delivered treatment specifically for symptoms of panic disorder as effective as internet‐delivered treatment for symptoms of both anxiety and depression, and are self‐guided versions of these as effective as therapist‐guided versions?. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12612000431820.aspx (accessed 26 February 2013).
ACTRN12612000433808 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12612000433808. Is internet‐delivered treatment specifically for symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder as effective as internet‐delivered treatment for symptoms of both anxiety and depression, and are self‐guided versions of these as effective as therapist‐guided versions?. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12612000433808.aspx (accessed 26 February 2013).
ACTRN12612001073897 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12612001073897. The Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) program: a randomised controlled trial comparing clinician‐assisted Internet based treatment for OCD vs. a waitlist control condition on severity of symptoms of OCD. www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12612001073897.aspx (accessed 26 February 2013).
ACTRN12612001306808 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12612001306808. The Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) program: a randomised controlled trial of online versus face‐to‐face cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12612001306808.aspx‎ (accessed 26 February 2013).
Carlbring 2012a {published data only}
    1. Per Carlbring. Internet‐based treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01570374 (accessed 1 May 2013).
Carlbring 2012b {unpublished data only}
    1. Per Carlbring. An Internet‐administered, mindfulness training program for the treatment of anxiety. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01577290 (accessed 1 May 2013).
Clark 2012 {published data only}
    1. Clark DM. A randomised controlled trial of internet‐based cognitive therapy (iCT) and standard cognitive therapy (CT) for social anxiety disorder. http://www.controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN95458747 (accessed 1 May 2013). [DOI: 10.1186/ISRCTN95458747] - DOI
Havik 2012 {published data only}
    1. Havik OE. Treatment of social phobia and panic disorder in adults (TSPPA). http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00619138 (accessed 1 May 2013).
Hedman 2012 {unpublished data only}
    1. Hedman E. Cognitive behavioral therapy, guided self help versus individual therapy. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01667822 (accessed 1 May 2013).
Hedman 2013 {unpublished data only}
    1. Erik Hedman. Internet Treatment for Health Anxiety (HA‐X). http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01673035.
ISRCTN73535163 {published data only}
    1. Health Technology Assessment. Obsessive compulsive treatment efficacy trial (OCTET ) (Project record). www.hta.ac.uk/protocols/200900810001.pdf (accessed 12 June 2013).
    1. ISRCTN73535163. Obsessive compulsive treatment efficacy trial (OCTET). http://www.controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN73535163/ (accessed 26 February 2013).
Kok 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kok RN, van Straten A, Beekman A, Bosmans J, de Neef M, Cuijpers P. Effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of web‐based treatment for phobic outpatients on a waiting list for psychotherapy: protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2012;12:131. - PMC - PubMed
Nordgren 2012 {published data only}
    1. Carlbring P, Andersson G, Nordgren LB. Internet‐administrated treatment of anxiety disorders (NOVA II) (NCT01390168). http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01390168 (accessed 1 May 2013).
    1. Nordgren LB, Andersson G, Kadowaki Å, & Carlbring P. Tailored internet‐administered treatment of anxiety disorders for primary care patients: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2012;13:16. - PMC - PubMed
NTR1985 {published data only}
    1. NTR1985. Acceptance and commitment therapy as a self‐help intervention. [Nederlands Trial Register] http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/admin/rctview.asp?TC=1985 (accessed 26 February 2013).
Proudfoot 2010 {published data only}
    1. Proudfoot J. Randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effect on mental health of a self‐monitoring and self‐management program delivered by mobile phone and computer for people with mild to moderate depression, anxiety or stress compared against an attention control program, and a waitlist control (ACTRN12610000625077), 2010. http://www.anzctr.org.au/trial_view.aspx?id=335772 (accessed 1 May 2013).
Rollman 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rollman B. Online treatments for mood and anxiety disorders in primary care. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01482806 (accessed 1 May 2013).
Tulbure 2012 {published data only}
    1. Tulbure BT, Månsson KN, Andersson G. Internet treatment for social anxiety disorder in Romania: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2012;13:202. - PMC - PubMed

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