Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2013 Oct;45(4):379-85.
doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.05.016.

Geospatial exposure to point-of-sale tobacco: real-time craving and smoking-cessation outcomes

Thomas R Kirchner  1 , Jennifer Cantrell, Andrew Anesetti-Rothermel, Ollie Ganz, Donna M Vallone, David B Abrams
Affiliations

Geospatial exposure to point-of-sale tobacco: real-time craving and smoking-cessation outcomes

Thomas R Kirchner et al. Am J Prev Med. 2013 Oct.

Abstract

Background: Little is known about the factors that drive the association between point-of-sale marketing and behavior, because methods that directly link individual-level use outcomes to real-world point-of-sale exposure are only now beginning to be developed.

Purpose: Daily outcomes during smoking cessation were examined as a function of both real-time geospatial exposure to point-of-sale tobacco (POST) and subjective craving to smoke.

Methods: Continuous individual geospatial location data collected over the first month of a smoking-cessation attempt in 2010-2012 (N=475) were overlaid on a POST outlet geodatabase (N=1060). Participants' mobility data were used to quantify the number of times they came into contact with a POST outlet. Participants recorded real-time craving levels and smoking status via ecological momentary assessment (EMA) on cellular telephones.

Results: The final data set spanned a total of 12,871 days of EMA and geospatial tracking. Lapsing was significantly more likely on days with any POST contact (OR=1.19, 95% CI=1.18, 1.20), and increasingly likely as the number of daily POST contacts increased (OR=1.07, 95% CI=1.06, 1.08). Overall, daily POST exposure was significantly associated with lapsing when craving was low (OR=1.22, 95% CI=1.20, 1.23); high levels of craving were more directly associated with lapse outcomes.

Conclusions: These data shed light on the way mobility patterns drive a dynamic interaction between individuals and the POST environment, demonstrating that quantification of individuals' exposure to POST marketing can be used to identify previously unrecognized patterns of association among individual mobility, the built environment, and behavioral outcomes.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Distribution of average daily retail exposures and SDs
Figure 2
Figure 2
Relative probability of a lapse as a function of daily POST contacts POST, point-of-sale tobacco
Figure 3
Figure 3
Relative probability of a lapse as a function of daily POST contacts and daily craving level POST, point-of-sale tobacco
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

  • Exposure exposed.
    Kerr J. Kerr J. Am J Prev Med. 2013 Oct;45(4):524-5. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.07.001. Am J Prev Med. 2013. PMID: 24050430 No abstract available.

References

    1. Slater SJ, Chaloupka FJ, Wakefield M, Johnston LD, O'Malley PM. The impact of retail cigarette marketing practices on youth smoking uptake. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(5):440–445. - PubMed
    1. Carter OB, Mills BW, Donovan RJ. The effect of retail cigarette pack displays on unplanned purchases: results from immediate postpurchase interviews. Tob Control. 2009;18(3):218–221. - PubMed
    1. Wakefield M, Germain D, Henriksen L. The effect of retail cigarette pack displays on impulse purchase. Addiction. 2008;103(2):322–328. - PubMed
    1. Point-of-purchase Advertising Institute. The point-of-purchase advertising industry fact book: a comprehensive guide to P-O-P history, industry economics, retailed involvement, and consumer buying habits. Englewood, NJ: Point-of-Purchase Advertising Institute; 1992.
    1. Feighery EC, Henriksen L, Wang Y, Schleicher NC, Fortmann SP. An evaluation of four measures of adolescents' exposure to cigarette marketing in stores. Nicotine Tob Res. 2006;8(6):751–759. - PubMed

Publication types