Quantitative on-line vs. off-line NIR analysis of fluidized bed drying with consideration of the spectral background

Abstract

Quantitative dehydration studies of dibasic calcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) in a small-scale cold-model fluidized bed dryer with process air control were conducted. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to predict DCPAs' residual moisture content. Loss-on-drying (LOD) was employed as a reference method and confirmed the actual moisture content of DCPA. First, dynamic PLSR modeling was carried out, i.e., the NIR spectra were on-line recorded and predicted throughout the drying process. Secondly, PLSR off-line modeling was performed, i.e., samples were consecutively thief-probed from the processor, put into glass vials and analyzed off-line. Furthermore, two background spectra were collected prior to the in- and off-line measurements in an attempt to increase the method's sensitivity, i.e., (i) dry DCPA that was fluidized at respective process air velocity (on-line) or inside a glass vial (off-line) and (ii) Spectralon®--a highly reflecting standard reference material made of fluoropolymer. Benefits and drawbacks of the in- and off-line approaches with different spectral backgrounds are discussed in detail. The results indicated that (i) the thief-probed sample amount from the processor and thus the sample weight and (ii) the downtime between thief-probing a sample and its actual analysis via NIRS and LOD can bias the moisture content predictions.

Keywords: Dibasic calcium phosphate anhydrous; Fluidized bed; Near-infrared spectroscopy; Off-line; On-line; Partial least squares regression; Spectral background.