Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2013 Sep 20;8(9):e74221.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074221. eCollection 2013.

Molecular evolution of enterovirus 68 detected in the Philippines

Tadatsugu Imamura  1 , Akira Suzuki, Socorro Lupisan, Michiko Okamoto, Rapunzel Aniceto, Rutchie J Egos, Edgardo E Daya, Raita Tamaki, Mariko Saito, Naoko Fuji, Chandra Nath Roy, Jaime M Opinion, Arlene V Santo, Noel G Macalalad, Amado Tandoc 3rd, Lydia Sombrero, Remigio Olveda, Hitoshi Oshitani
Affiliations

Molecular evolution of enterovirus 68 detected in the Philippines

Tadatsugu Imamura et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Background: Detection of Enterovirus 68 (EV68) has recently been increased. However, underlying evolutionary mechanism of this increasing trend is not fully understood.

Methods: Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 5,240 patients with acute respiratory infections in the Philippines from June 2009 to December 2011. EV68 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting for 5' untranslated region (5'UTR), viral protein 1 (VP1), and VP4/VP2. Phylogenetic trees were generated using the obtained sequences.

Results: Of the 5,240 tested samples, 12 EV68 positive cases were detected between August and December in 2011 (detection rate, 0.23%). The detection rate was higher among inpatients than outpatients (p<0.0001). Among VP1 sequences detected from 7 patients in 2011, 5 in lineage 2 were diverged from those detected in the Philippines in 2008, however, 2 in lineage 3 were not diverged from strains detected in the Philippines in 2008 but closely associated with strains detected in the United States. Combined with our previous report, EV68 occurrences were observed twice in the Philippines within the last four years.

Conclusions: EV68 detections might be occurring in cyclic patterns, and viruses might have been maintained in the community while some strains might have been newly introduced.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Temporal distribution of EV68 in Eastern Visayas Region, the Philippines, May 2008- December 2011.
Information about the address was obtained from parents of the pediatric patients. The bar graph shows the number of EV68 cases in each month in Eastern Visayas region. The month without any bars indicates no EV68 detected cases on that month. The total number of tested samples in each of three studies is shown in line graph.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of selected EV68 strains based on the nucleotide sequence of three genome regions.
(a) the partial 5′UTR, (b) partial VP1, and (c) partial VP4/VP2. EV68 strains in this study are indicated by •. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by using nucleotide alignments and the neighbor-joining method, as implemented in MEGA software.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Bayesian evolutionary tree of selected EV68 strains based on the nucleotide sequence of partial VP1.
EV68 strains detected in the present study are indicated by •. Bayesian tree was generated by BEAST software.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

  • Global prevalence and case fatality rate of Enterovirus D68 infections, a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Fall A, Kenmoe S, Ebogo-Belobo JT, Mbaga DS, Bowo-Ngandji A, Foe-Essomba JR, Tchatchouang S, Amougou Atsama M, Yéngué JF, Kenfack-Momo R, Feudjio AF, Nka AD, Mbongue Mikangue CA, Taya-Fokou JB, Magoudjou-Pekam JN, Noura EA, Zemnou-Tepap C, Meta-Djomsi D, Maïdadi-Foudi M, Kame-Ngasse GI, Nyebe I, Djukouo LG, Kengne Gounmadje L, Tchami Ngongang D, Oyono MG, Demeni Emoh CP, Tazokong HR, Mahamat G, Kengne-Ndé C, Sadeuh-Mba SA, Dia N, La Rosa G, Ndip L, Njouom R. Fall A, et al. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Feb 8;16(2):e0010073. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010073. eCollection 2022 Feb. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022. PMID: 35134062 Free PMC article.
  • Complete Genome Sequences of Enterovirus D68 Clade A and D Strains in the Philippines.
    Okamoto M, Sakamoto M, Dapat C, Saito M, Saito-Obata M, Tamaki R, Lupisan SP, Quiambao BP, Oshitani H. Okamoto M, et al. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2021 Sep 30;10(39):e0070921. doi: 10.1128/MRA.00709-21. Epub 2021 Sep 30. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2021. PMID: 34591667 Free PMC article.
  • Antigenic and receptor binding properties of enterovirus 68.
    Imamura T, Okamoto M, Nakakita S, Suzuki A, Saito M, Tamaki R, Lupisan S, Roy CN, Hiramatsu H, Sugawara KE, Mizuta K, Matsuzaki Y, Suzuki Y, Oshitani H. Imamura T, et al. J Virol. 2014 Mar;88(5):2374-84. doi: 10.1128/JVI.03070-13. Epub 2013 Dec 26. J Virol. 2014. PMID: 24371050 Free PMC article.
  • Enterovirus D68 and Human Respiratory Infections.
    Xiang Z, Wang J. Xiang Z, et al. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2016 Aug;37(4):578-85. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1584795. Epub 2016 Aug 3. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2016. PMID: 27486738 Free PMC article. Review.
  • Molecular Evolution and Intraclade Recombination of Enterovirus D68 during the 2014 Outbreak in the United States.
    Tan Y, Hassan F, Schuster JE, Simenauer A, Selvarangan R, Halpin RA, Lin X, Fedorova N, Stockwell TB, Lam TT, Chappell JD, Hartert TV, Holmes EC, Das SR. Tan Y, et al. J Virol. 2015 Dec 9;90(4):1997-2007. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02418-15. Print 2016 Feb 15. J Virol. 2015. PMID: 26656685 Free PMC article.
See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Schieble JH, Fox VL, Lennette EH (1967) A probable new human picornavirus associated with respiratory diseases. Am J Epidemiol 85: 297–310. - PubMed
    1. Khetsuriani N, Lamonte-Fowlkes A, Oberste S, Pallansch MA (2006) Enterovirus surveillance–United States, 1970–2005. MMWR Surveill Summ 55: 1–20. - PubMed
    1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011) Clusters of acute respiratory illness associated with human enterovirus 68–Asia, Europe, and United States, 2008–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 60: 1301–1304. - PubMed
    1. Imamura T, Fuji N, Suzuki A, Tamaki R, Saito M, et al. (2011) Enterovirus 68 among children with severe acute respiratory infection, the Philippines. Emerg Infect Dis 17: 1430–1435. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tokarz R, Firth C, Madhi SA, Howie SR, Wu W, et al. (2012) Worldwide emergence of multiple clades of enterovirus 68. J Gen Virol 93: 1952–1958. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

Associated data