. 2013 Sep 30;2013(9):CD010393.

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010393.pub2.

Face-to-face versus remote and web 2.0 interventions for promoting physical activity

Justin Richards, Margaret Thorogood, Melvyn Hillsdon, Charles Foster

PMID: 24085593
PMCID: PMC8475768
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010393.pub2

Face-to-face versus remote and web 2.0 interventions for promoting physical activity

Justin Richards et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013.

. 2013 Sep 30;2013(9):CD010393.

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010393.pub2.

Authors

Justin Richards, Margaret Thorogood, Melvyn Hillsdon, Charles Foster

PMID: 24085593
PMCID: PMC8475768
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010393.pub2

Abstract

Background: Face-to-face interventions for promoting physical activity (PA) are continuing to be popular as remote and web 2.0 approaches rapidly emerge, but we are unsure which approach is more effective at achieving long term sustained change.

Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of face-to-face versus remote and web 2.0 interventions for PA promotion in community dwelling adults (aged 16 years and above).

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and some other databases (from earliest dates available to October 2012). Reference lists of relevant articles were checked. No language restrictions were applied.

Selection criteria: Randomised trials that compared face-to-face versus remote and web 2.0 PA interventions for community dwelling adults. We included studies if they compared an intervention that was principally delivered face-to-face to an intervention that had principally remote and web 2.0 methods. To assess behavioural change over time, the included studies had a minimum of 12 months follow-up from the start of the intervention to the final results. We excluded studies that had more than a 20% loss to follow-up if they did not apply an intention-to-treat analysis.

Data collection and analysis: At least two review authors independently assessed the quality of each study and extracted the data. Non-English language papers were reviewed with the assistance of an interpreter who was an epidemiologist. Study authors were contacted for additional information where necessary. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for continuous measures of cardio-respiratory fitness.

Main results: One study recruiting 225 apparently healthy adults met the inclusion criteria. This study took place in a high-income country. From 27,299 hits, the full texts of 193 papers were retrieved for examination against the inclusion criteria. However, there was only one paper that met the inclusion criteria. This study reported the effect of a PA intervention on cardio-respiratory fitness. There were no reported data for PA, quality of life, or cost effectiveness. The difference between the remote and web 2.0 versus face-to-face arms was not significant (SMD -0.02; 95% CI -0.30 to 0.26; high quality evidence). The risk of bias in the included study was assessed as low, and there was no evidence of an increased risk of adverse events.

Authors' conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to assess whether face-to-face interventions or remote and web 2.0 approaches are more effective at promoting PA.

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Conflict of interest statement

Melvyn Hillsdon has received a research council grant to investigate the feasibility of a primary care PA intervention. This was not a study of outcomes and therefore had no bearing on this review. He has been a member of a NICE programme development group on walking and cycling and was paid for travel expenses.

Figures

1
Delivery of PA interventions described according to interaction with implementer and other participants.

**1.1. Analysis**
Comparison 1: Face‐to‐face versus remote intervention, Outcome 1: Cardiorespiratory Fitness: 12 Months

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010393

References

References to studies included in this review

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Lamb 2002 {published data only}

1. Lamb SE, Bartlett HP, Ashley A, Bird W. Can lay-led walking programmes increase physical activity in middle aged adults? A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2002;56(4):246-52. - PMC - PubMed

Lawton 2008 {published data only}

1. Lawton BA, Rose SB, Elley CR, Dowell AC, Fenton A, Moyes SA. Exercise on prescription for women aged 40-74 recruited through primary care: two year randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008;337:a2509. - PMC - PubMed

Lawton 2009 {published data only}

1. Lawton BA, Rose SB, Elley CR, Dowell AC, Fenton A, Moyes SA. Exercise on prescription for women aged 40 to 74 recruited through primary care: two year randomised controlled trial [with consumer summary]. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2009;43(2):120-3. - PubMed

LeCheminant 2011 {published data only}

1. LeCheminant JD, Smith JD, Covington NK, Hardin-Renschen T, Heden T. Pedometer use in university freshmen: a randomized controlled pilot study. American Journal of Health Behavior 2011;35(6):777-84. - PubMed

Leung 2012 {published data only}

1. Leung W, Ashton T, Kolt GS, Schofield GM, Garrett N, Kerse N, et al. Cost-effectiveness of pedometer-based versus time-based Green Prescriptions: The Healthy Steps Study. Australian Journal of Primary Health 2012;18(3):204-11. - PubMed

Lombard 1995 {published data only}

1. Lombard DN, Lombard TN, Winett RA. Walking to meet health guidelines: the effect of prompting frequency and prompt structure. Health Psychology 1995;14(2):164-70. - PubMed

Macmillan 2011 {published data only}

1. Macmillan F, Fitzsimons C, Black K, Granat MH, Grant MP, Grealy M, et al. West End Walkers 65+: a randomised controlled trial of a primary care-based walking intervention for older adults: study rationale and design. BMC Public Health 2011;11:120. - PMC - PubMed

Marcus 2007 {published data only}

1. Marcus BH, Lewis BA, Williams DM, Dunsiger S, Jakicic JM, Whiteley JA, et al. A comparison of Internet and print-based physical activity interventions. Archives of Internal Medicine 2007;167(9):944-9. - PubMed

Marcus 2007a {published data only}

1. Marcus BH, Lewis BA, Williams DM, Whiteley JA, Albrecht AE, Jakicic JM, et al. Step into Motion: a randomized trial examining the relative efficacy of Internet vs. print-based physical activity interventions. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2007;28(6):737-47. - PubMed

Marcus 2007b {published data only}

1. Marcus BH, Napolitano MA, King AC, Lewis BA, Whiteley JA, Albrecht A, et al. Telephone versus print delivery of an individualized motivationally tailored physical activity intervention: Project STRIDE. Health Psychology 2007;26(4):401-9. - PubMed

Marcus 2007c {published data only}

1. Marcus BH, Napolitano MA, King AC, Lewis BA, Whiteley JA, Albrecht AE, et al. Examination of print and telephone channels for physical activity promotion: Rationale, design, and baseline data from Project STRIDE. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2007;28(1):90-104. - PMC - PubMed

Marshall 2003 {published data only}

1. Marshall AL, Bauman AE, Owen N, Booth ML, Crawford D, Marcus BH. Population-based randomized controlled trial of a stage-targeted physical activity intervention. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2003;25(3):194-202. - PubMed

Marshall 2004 {published data only}

1. Marshall AL, Bauman AE, Owen N, Booth ML, Crawford D, Marcus BH. Reaching out to promote physical activity in Australia: a statewide randomized controlled trial of a stage-targeted intervention. American Journal of Health Promotion 2004;18(4):283-7. - PubMed

Martinson 2008 {published data only}

1. Martinson BC, Crain AL, Sherwood NE, Hayes M, Pronk NP, O'Connor PJ. Maintaining physical activity among older adults: six-month outcomes of the Keep Active Minnesota randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2008;46(2):111-9. - PMC - PubMed

Martinson 2010 {published data only}

1. Martinson BC, Sherwood NE, Crain AL, Hayes MG, King AC, Pronk NP, et al. Maintaining physical activity among older adults: 24-month outcomes of the Keep Active Minnesota randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2010;51(1):37-44. - PMC - PubMed

McAuley 2007 {published data only}

1. McAuley E, Morris KS, Motl RW, Hu L, Konopack JF, Elavsky S. Long-term follow-up of physical activity behavior in older adults. Health Psychology 2007;26(3):375-80. - PubMed

McAuley 2012 {published data only}

1. McAuley E, Wojcicki TR, White SM, Mailey EL, Szabo AN, Gothe N, et al. Physical activity, function, and quality of life: design and methods of the FlexToBa trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2012;33:228-36. - PMC - PubMed

McEachan 2011 {published data only}

1. McEachan RR, Lawton RJ, Jackson C, Conner M, Meads DM, West RM. Testing a workplace physical activity intervention: a cluster randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2011;8:29. - PMC - PubMed

McGowan 2009 {published data only}

1. McGowan E, Prapavessis H, Podolinsky N, Gray C, Elkayam J. The effect of a self-efficacy intervention on objective measures of physical activity in first and second-degree relatives of colon cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology 2009;18:S255-6.

McGowan 2009a {published data only}

1. McGowan E, Prapavessis H, Podolinsky N, Gray C, Elkayam J. Examining the relationships between self-efficacy and objective measures of physical activity behavior in first- and second-degree relatives of colon cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology 2009;18:S73-4.

McMurdo 2010 {published data only}

1. McMurdo MET, Sugden J, Argo I, Boyle P, Johnston DW, Sniehotta FF, et al. Do pedometers increase physical activity in sedentary older women? A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(11):2099-106. - PubMed

Merom 2007 {published data only}

1. Merom D, Rissel C, Phongsavan P, Smith BJ, Van Kemenade C, Brown WJ, et al. Promoting walking with pedometers in the community - The step-by-step trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007;32:290-7. - PubMed

Muda 2006 {published data only}

1. Muda SH, Kadir AAbd. The effectiveness of physical activity counseling in Primary Care Clinic. University Science Malaysia Hospital 2006;13(4):249-53.

Murphy 2010 {published data only}

1. Murphy S, Raisanen L, Moore G, Edwards RT, Linck P, Williams N, et al. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial of the Welsh National Exercise Referral Scheme: protocol for trial and integrated economic and process evaluation. BMC Public Health 2010;10:352. - PMC - PubMed

Napolitano 2006 {published data only}

1. Napolitano MA, Whiteley JA, Papandonatos G, Dutton G, Farrell NC, Albrecht A, et al. Outcomes from the women's wellness project: a community-focused physical activity trial for women. Preventive Medicine 2006;43(6):447-53. - PubMed

Napolitano 2010 {published data only}

1. Napolitano MA, Borradaile KE, Lewis BA, Whiteley JA, Longval JL, Parisi AF, et al. Accelerometer use in a physical activity intervention trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2010;31(6):514-23. - PMC - PubMed

Newton 2004 {published data only}

1. Newton RL Jr, Perri MG. A randomized pilot trial of exercise promotion in sedentary African-American adults. Ethnicity & Disease 2004;14(4):548-57. - PubMed

Nichols 2000 {published data only}

1. Nichols JF, Wellman E, Caparosa S, Sallis JF, Calfas KJ, Rowe R. Impact of a worksite behavioral skills intervention. American Journal of Health Promotion 2000;14(4):218-21, ii. - PubMed

Nies 2006 {published data only}

1. Nies MA, Partridge T. Comparison of 3 interventions to increase walking in sedentary women. American Journal of Health Behavior 2006;30:339-52. - PubMed

Norris 2000 {published data only}

1. Norris SL, Grothaus LC, Buchner DM, Pratt M. Effectiveness of physician-based assessment and counseling for exercise in a staff model HMO. Preventive Medicine 2000;30(6):513-23. - PubMed

Norton 2011 {published data only}

1. Norton LH, Norton KI, Lewis N, Dollman J. A comparison of two short-term intensive physical activity interventions: methodological considerations. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2011;8:133. - PMC - PubMed

Opdenacker 2008 {published data only}

1. Opdenacker J, Boen F, Coorevits N, Delecluse C. Effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention and a structured exercise intervention in older adults. Preventive Medicine 2008;46(6):518-24. - PubMed

Opdenacker 2011 {published data only}

1. Opdenacker J, Delecluse C, Boen F. A 2-year follow-up of a lifestyle physical activity versus a structured exercise intervention in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2011;59(9):1602-11. - PubMed

Oppert 2007 {published data only}

1. Oppert JM, Tafflet M, Fourchaud L, Lommez A, Bailleul C, Borys JM, et al. Physical activity promotion in insufficiently active adults: a randomised trial based on telephone counseling. International Journal of Obesity 2007;31:S214.

Paasche‐Orlow 2012 {published data only}

1. Paasche-Orlow M, Silliman R, Winter M, Cheng D, Henault L, Bickmore T. Efficacy of a computer-based intervention to promote walking in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2012;60:S4. - PubMed

Papandonatos 2012 {published data only}

1. Papandonatos GD, Williams DM, Jennings EG, Napolitano MA, Bock BC, Dunsiger S, et al. Mediators of physical activity behavior change: Findings from a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology 2012;31(4):512-20. - PMC - PubMed

Peels 2012 {published data only}

1. Peels DA, Stralen MM, Bolman C, Golsteijn RH, Vries H, Mudde AN, et al. Development of web-based computer-tailored advice to promote physical activity among people older than 50 years. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14:e39. - PMC - PubMed

Pekmezi 2009 {published data only}

1. Pekmezi DW, Neighbors CJ, Lee CS, Gans KM, Bock BC, Morrow KM, et al. A culturally adapted physical activity intervention for Latinas: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2009;37(6):495-500. - PMC - PubMed

Pekmezi 2010 {published data only}

1. Pekmezi DW, Williams DM, Dunsiger S, Jennings EG, Lewis BA, Jakicic JM, et al. Feasibility of using computer-tailored and internet-based interventions to promote physical activity in underserved populations. Telemedicine Journal & E-Health 2010;16(4):498-503. - PMC - PubMed

Petrella 2003 {published data only}

1. Petrella RJ, Koval JJ, Cunningham DA, Paterson DH. Can primary care doctors prescribe exercise to improve fitness? The Step Test Exercise Prescription (STEP) project. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2003;24(4):316-22. - PubMed

Petrella 2006 {published data only}

1. Petrella R. Cost effectiveness of a community-based exercise program for older adults. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 2006;16:191-3. - PubMed

Petrella 2010 {published data only}

1. Petrella RJ, Lattanzio CN, Shapiro S, Overend T. Improving aerobic fitness in older adults: effects of a physician-based exercise counseling and prescription program. Canadian Family Physician 2010;56(5):e191-200. - PMC - PubMed

Pinto 2002 {published data only}

1. Pinto BM, Friedman R, Marcus BH, Kelley H, Tennstedt S, Gillman MW. Effects of a computer-based, telephone-counseling system on physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002;23(2):113-20. - PubMed

Pinto 2005 {published data only}

1. Pinto BM, Goldstein MG, Ashba J, Sciamanna CN, Jette A. Randomized controlled trial of physical activity counseling for older primary care patients. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005;29(4):247-55. - PubMed

Plotnikoff 2007 {published data only}

1. Plotnikoff RC, Brunet S, Courneya KS, Spence JC, Birkett NJ, Marcus B, et al. The efficacy of stage-matched and standard public health materials for promoting physical activity in the workplace: the Physical Activity Workplace Study (PAWS). American Journal of Health Promotion 2007;21(6):501-9. - PubMed

Plotnikoff 2010 {published data only}

1. Plotnikoff RC, Pickering MA, Rhodes RE, Courneya KS, Spence JC. A test of cognitive mediation in a 12-month physical activity workplace intervention: Does it explain behaviour change in women? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2010;7:32. - PMC - PubMed

Poulsen 2007 {published data only}

1. Poulsen T, Elkjaer E, Vass M, Hendriksen C, Avlund K. Promoting physical activity in older adults by education of home visitors. European Journal of Ageing 2007;4(3):115-24. - PMC - PubMed

Prestwich 2012 {published data only}

1. Prestwich A, Conner MT, Lawton RJ, Ward JK, Ayres K, McEachan RR. Randomized controlled trial of collaborative implementation intentions targeting working adults' physical activity. Health Psychology 2012;31(4):486-95. - PubMed

Ransdell 2004 {published data only}

1. Ransdell LB, Robertson LA, Ornes L, Moyer-Mileur L. Generations exercising together to improve fitness (GET FIT): A pilot study designed to increase physical activity and improve health-related fitness in three generations of women. Women and Health 2004;40(3):77-94. - PubMed

Reed 2008 {published data only}

1. Reed J, Malvern L, Muthukrishnan S, Hardy R, King L. An ecological approach with primary-care counseling to promote physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2008;5(1):169-83. - PubMed

Reid 1979 {published data only}

1. Reid EL, Morgan RW. Exercise prescription: a clinical trial. American Journal of Public Health 1979;69(6):591-5. - PMC - PubMed

Resnick 2002 {published data only}

1. Resnick B. Testing the effect of the WALC intervention on exercise adherence in older adults. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 2002;28(6):40-9. - PubMed

Rose 2007 {published data only}

1. Rose SB, Lawton BA, Elley CR, Dowell AC, Fenton AJ. The 'Women's Lifestyle Study', 2-year randomized controlled trial of physical activity counselling in primary health care: rationale and study design. BMC Public Health 2007;7:166. - PMC - PubMed

Sarkisian 2010 {published data only}

1. Sarkisian C, Trejo L, Mangione C, Wang PC, Frank J, Prohaska T. A randomized controlled trial of a behavioral intervention to increase walking among older Latinos. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2010;25:S212-3.

Schneider 2011 {published data only}

1. Schneider JK, Cook JH, Luke DA. Unexpected effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy on self-reported exercise behaviour and functional outcomes in older adults. Age & Ageing 2011;40(2):163-8. - PMC - PubMed

Sevick 2007 {published data only}

1. Sevick MA, Napolitano MA, Papandonatos GD, Gordon AJ, Reiser LM, Marcus BH. Cost-effectiveness of alternative approaches for motivating activity in sedentary adults: results of Project STRIDE. Preventive Medicine 2007;45(1):54-61. - PMC - PubMed

Sheeran 2012 {published data only}

1. Sheeran P, Harris P, Vaughan J, Oettingen G, Gollwitzer PM. Gone exercising: Mental contrasting promotes physical activity among overweight, middle-aged, low-SES fishermen. Health Psychology Aug 2012;32:802-9. - PubMed

Sherwood 2008 {published data only}

1. Sherwood NE, Martinson BC, Crain AL, Hayes MG, Pronk NP, O'Connor PJ. A new approach to physical activity maintenance: rationale, design, and baseline data from the Keep Active Minnesota Trial. BMC Geriatrics 2008;8:17. - PMC - PubMed

Simons‐Morton 2001 {published data only}

1. Simons-Morton DG, Blair SN, King AC, TM Morgan, WB Applegate, O'Toole M, et al. Effects of physical activity counseling in primary care: the Activity Counseling Trial: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;286(6):677-87. - PubMed

Skar 2011 {published data only}

1. Skar S, Sniehotta FF, Molloy GJ, Prestwich A, Araujo-Soares V. Do brief online planning interventions increase physical activity amongst university students? A randomised controlled trial. Psychology & Health 2011;26:399-417. - PubMed

Slootmaker 2005 {published data only}

1. Slootmaker SM, Chin A Paw MJ, Schuit AJ, Seidell JC, Mechelen W. Promoting physical activity using an activity monitor and a tailored web-based advice: design of a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN93896459]. BMC Public Health 2005;5:134. - PMC - PubMed

Smith 2000 {published data only}

1. Smith BJ, Bauman AE, Bull FC, Booth ML, Harris MF. Promoting physical activity in general practice: a controlled trial of written advice and information materials. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2000;34(4):262-7. - PMC - PubMed

Sorensen 2007 {published data only}

1. Sorensen JB, Kragstrup J, Kjaer K, Puggaard L. Exercise on prescription: trial protocol and evaluation of outcomes. BMC Health Services Research 2007;7:36. - PMC - PubMed

Sorensen 2008 {published data only}

1. Sorensen JB, Kragstrup J, Skovgaard T, Puggaard L. Exercise on prescription: a randomized study on the effect of counseling vs counseling and supervised exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2008;18(3):288-97. - PubMed

Spittaels 2007 {published data only}

1. Spittaels H, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Brug J, Vandelanotte C. Effectiveness of an online computer-tailored physical activity intervention in a real-life setting. Health Education Research 2007;22(3):385-96. - PubMed

Spittaels 2007a {published data only}

1. Spittaels H, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Vandelanotte C. Evaluation of a website-delivered computer-tailored intervention for increasing physical activity in the general population. Preventive Medicine 2007;44(3):209-17. - PubMed

Steele 2007 {published data only}

1. Steele R, Mummery WK, Dwyer T. Using the Internet to promote physical activity: a randomized trial of intervention delivery modes. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2007;4(3):245-60. - PubMed

Steele 2009 {published data only}

1. Steele RM, Mummery WK, Dwyer T. A comparison of face-to-face or internet-delivered physical activity intervention on targeted determinants. Health Education & Behavior 2009;36:1051-64. - PubMed

Stevens 1998 {published data only}

1. Stevens W, Hillsdon M, Thorogood M, McArdle D. Cost-effectiveness of a primary care based physical activity intervention in 45-74 year old men and women: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine 1998;32(3):236-41. - PMC - PubMed

Stewart 2001 {published data only}

1. Stewart AL, Verboncoeur CJ, McLellan BY, Gillis DE, Rush S, Mills KM, et al. Physical activity outcomes of CHAMPS II: a physical activity promotion program for older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2001;56(8):M465-70. - PMC - PubMed

Talbot 2010 {published data only}

1. Talbot L. Lifestyle activity to improve fitness among National Guard personnel. TriService Nursing Research Program (TSNRP) 2010.

Talbot 2011 {published data only}

1. Talbot LA, Metter EJ, Morrell CH, Frick KD, Weinstein AA, Fleg JL. A pedometer-based intervention to improve physical activity, fitness, and coronary heart disease risk in National Guard personnel. Military Medicine 2011;176(5):592-600. - PMC - PubMed

Tan 2006 {published data only}

1. Tan EJ, Xue QL, Li T, Carlson MC, Fried LP. Volunteering: A physical activity intervention for older adults - The Experience Corps (R) Program in Baltimore. Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2006;83(5):954-69. - PMC - PubMed

Taylor 2005 {published data only}

1. Taylor AH, Fox KR. Effectiveness of a primary care exercise referral intervention for changing physical self-perceptions over 9 months. Health Psychology 2005;24(1):11-21. - PubMed

Thogersen‐Ntoumani 2010 {published data only}

1. Thogersen-Ntoumani C, Loughren EA, Duda JL, Fox KR, Kinnafick FE. "Step by Step". A feasibility study of a lunchtime walking intervention designed to increase walking, improve mental well-being and work performance in sedentary employees: Rationale and study design. BMC Public Health 2010;10:578. - PMC - PubMed

Thomas 2012 {published data only}

1. Thomas GN, Macfarlane DJ, Guo B, Cheung BM, McGhee SM, Chou KL, et al. Health promotion in older Chinese: a 12-month cluster randomized controlled trial of pedometry and "peer support". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2012;44(6):1157-66. - PubMed

Vainionpää 2007 {published data only}

1. Vainionpää A, Korpelainen R, Kaikkonen H, Knip M, Leppäluoto J, Jämsä T. Effect of impact exercise on physical performance and cardiovascular risk factors. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2007;39(5):756-63. - PubMed

van Sluijs 2006 {published data only}

1. Sluijs EM, Poppel MN, Twisk JW, Mechelen W. Physical activity measurements affected participants' behavior in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2006;59(4):404-11. - PubMed

van Stralen 2008 {published data only}

1. Stralen MM, Kok G, Vries H, Mudde AN, Bolman C, Lechner L. The Active plus protocol: systematic development of two theory- and evidence-based tailored physical activity interventions for the over-fifties. BMC Public Health 2008;8:399. - PMC - PubMed

van Stralen 2009 {published data only}

1. Van Stralen MM, De Vries H, Mudde AN, Bolman C, Lechner L. The working mechanisms of an environmentally tailored physical activity intervention for older adults: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2009;6:83. - PMC - PubMed

van Stralen 2009a {published data only}

1. Stralen MM, Vries H, Mudde AN, Bolman C, Lechner L. Efficacy of two tailored interventions promoting physical activity in older adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2009;37(5):405-17. - PubMed

van Stralen 2010 {published data only}

1. Stralen MM, Vries H, Bolman C, Mudde AN, Lechner L. Exploring the efficacy and moderators of two computer-tailored physical activity interventions for older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2010;39(2):139-50. - PubMed

van Stralen 2011 {published data only}

1. Stralen MM, Vries H, Mudde AN, Bolman C, Lechner L. The long-term efficacy of two computer-tailored physical activity interventions for older adults: main effects and mediators. Health Psychology 2011;30(4):442-52. - PubMed

Visek 2011 {published data only}

1. Visek AJ, Olson EA, DiPietro L. Factors predicting adherence to 9 months of supervised exercise in healthy older women. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2011;8(1):104-10. - PMC - PubMed

von Thiele 2008 {published data only}

1. Thiele Schwarz U, Lindfors P, Lundberg U. Health-related effects of worksite interventions involving physical exercise and reduced workhours. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 2008;34(3):179-88. - PubMed

Wadsworth 2010 {published data only}

1. Wadsworth DD, Hallam JS. Effect of a web site intervention on physical activity of college females. American Journal of Health Behavior 2010;34:60-9. - PubMed

Wanner 2009 {published data only}

1. Wanner M, Martin-Diener E, Braun-Fahrlander C, Bauer G, Martin BW. Effectiveness of active-online, an individually tailored physical activity intervention, in a real-life setting: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2009;11(3):e23. - PMC - PubMed

Wanner 2010 {published data only}

1. Wanner M, Martin-Diener E, Bauer G, Braun-Fahrlander C, Martin BW. Comparison of trial participants and open access users of a web-based physical activity intervention regarding adherence, attrition, and repeated participation. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2010;12:e3. - PMC - PubMed

Watkinson 2010 {published data only}

1. Watkinson C, Sluijs EM, Sutton S, Marteau T, Griffin SJ. Randomised controlled trial of the effects of physical activity feedback on awareness and behaviour in UK adults: the FAB study protocol [ISRCTN92551397]. BMC Public Health 2010;10:144. - PMC - PubMed

Whitehead 2007 {published data only}

1. Whitehead D, Bodenlos JS, Cowles ML, Jones GN, Brantley PJ. A stage-targeted physical activity intervention among a predominantly African-American low-income primary care population. American Journal of Health Promotion 2007;21(3):160-3. - PubMed

Wilcox 2007 {published data only}

1. Wilcox S, Laken M, Bopp M, Gethers O, Huang P, McClorin L, et al. Increasing physical activity among church members: community-based participatory research. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007;32(2):131-8. - PubMed

Williams 2004 {published data only}

1. Williams K, Prevost AT, Griffin S, Hardeman W, Hollingworth W, Spiegelhalter D, et al. The ProActive trial protocol - a randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of a family-based, domiciliary intervention programme to increase physical activity among individuals at high risk of diabetes [ISRCTN61323766]. BMC Public Health 2004;4:48. - PMC - PubMed

Williams 2006 {published data only}

1. Williams DM, Papandonatos GD, Napolitano MA, Lewis BA, Whiteley JA, Marcus BH. Perceived enjoyment moderates the efficacy of an individually tailored physical activity intervention. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 2006;28:300-9.

Williams 2011 {published data only}

1. Williams DM, Papandonatos GD, Jennings EG, Napolitano MA, Lewis BA, Whiteley JA, et al. Does tailoring on additional theoretical constructs enhance the efficacy of a print-based physical activity promotion intervention? Health Psychology 2011;30(4):432-41. - PMC - PubMed

Wilson 2009 {published data only}

1. Wilson K, Brookfield D. Effect of goal setting on motivation and adherence in a six-week exercise program. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2009;7(1):89-100.

Wilson 2010 {published data only}

1. Wilson DK, Trumpeter NN, St George SM, Coulon SM, Griffin S, Lee Van Horn M, et al. An overview of the "Positive Action for Today's Health" (PATH) trial for increasing walking in low income, ethnic minority communities. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2010;31(6):624-33. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Heesch 2004 {published data only}

1. Heesch K, Masse LC, Frankowski RF, Dunn AI. Adherence within and between lifestyle physical activity groups in Project PRIME. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2004;1:29-44.

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