Current understanding on ethylene signaling in plants: the influence of nutrient availability

Abstract

The plant hormone ethylene is involved in many physiological processes, including plant growth, development and senescence. Ethylene also plays a pivotal role in plant response or adaptation under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. In plants, ethylene production often enhances the tolerance to sub-optimal environmental conditions. This role is particularly important from both ecological and agricultural point of views. Among the abiotic stresses, the role of ethylene in plants under nutrient stress conditions has not been completely investigated. In literature few reports are available on the interaction among ethylene and macro- or micro-nutrients. However, the published works clearly demonstrated that several mineral nutrients largely affect ethylene biosynthesis and perception with a strong influence on plant physiology. The aim of this review is to revisit the old findings and recent advances of knowledge regarding the sub-optimal nutrient conditions on the effect of ethylene biosynthesis and perception in plants. The effect of deficiency or excess of the single macronutrient or micronutrient on the ethylene pathway and plant responses are reviewed and discussed. The synergistic and antagonist effect of the different mineral nutrients on ethylene plant responses is critically analyzed. Moreover, this review highlights the status of information between nutritional stresses and plant response, emphasizing the topics that should be further investigated.

Keywords: (MAPKKK); 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase; 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine; ACC; ACO; ACS; AVG; Abiotic stress; Al; CTR1; Ca; Cu; EBF1; EBF2; EGTA; EIN2 targeting F-box protein 1; EIN3; EIN3 binding F-box 1; EIN3 binding F-box 2; EIN4; ER; ERS1; ERS2; ETP1; ETP2; ETR1; ETR2; Ethylene; Ethylene signaling; Fe; HCN; IAA; JA; K; MAPK; MTA; Mg; Mineral nutrient; Mn; N; NH(4); Nutrient stress; P; Phytohormones; RAN1; ROS; RTE1; S; S-adenosyl l-methionine; SAM; SOD; Se; Zn; aluminum; aminoethoxyvinylglycine; ammonium; calcium; constitutive triple response 1; copper; endoplasmic reticulum; ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid; ethylene insensitive 3; ethylene insensitive 4; ethylene receptor 1; ethylene receptor 2; ethylene response sensor 1; ethylene response sensor 2; hydrogen cyanide; indole acetic acid; iron; jasmonic acid; magnesium; manganese; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase; mitogen-activated protein kinases; nitrogen; phosphorus; potassium; reactive oxygen species; responsive to antagonist 1; reversion to ethylene sensitivity 1; selenium; sulfur; superoxide dismutase; zinc.