Randomized Controlled Trial

. 2014 Jan 3:256:445-55.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.052. Epub 2013 Oct 3.

An eight month randomized controlled exercise intervention alters resting state synchrony in overweight children

C E Krafft¹, J E Pierce², N F Schwarz³, L Chi⁴, A L Weinberger⁵, D J Schaeffer⁶, A L Rodrigue⁷, J Camchong⁸, J D Allison⁹, N E Yanasak¹⁰, T Liu¹¹, C L Davis¹², J E McDowell¹³

Affiliations

¹ Psychology Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: krafft@uga.edu.
² Psychology Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: jepierce@uga.edu.
³ Psychology Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: schwarz@uga.edu.
⁴ Psychology Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: lingxi@uga.edu.
⁵ Psychology Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: abbywein@uga.edu.
⁶ Neuroscience Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: djschaef@uga.edu.
⁷ Psychology Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: alr4655@uga.edu.
⁸ Psychiatry Department, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA. Electronic address: jcamchong@nbresearch.com.
⁹ Radiology Department, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1102 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. Electronic address: jallison@gru.edu.
¹⁰ Radiology Department, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1102 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. Electronic address: nyanasak@gru.edu.
¹¹ Computer Science Department, 415 Boyd Graduate Studies Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: tliu@cs.uga.edu.
¹² Pediatrics, Georgia Prevention Center, Medical College of Georgia, Institute of Public & Preventive Health, Georgia Regents University, HS-1640, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. Electronic address: cadavis@gru.edu.
¹³ Psychology Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Neuroscience Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: jemcd@uga.edu.

PMID: 24096138
PMCID: PMC3995346
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.052

Randomized Controlled Trial

An eight month randomized controlled exercise intervention alters resting state synchrony in overweight children

C E Krafft et al. Neuroscience. 2014.

. 2014 Jan 3:256:445-55.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.052. Epub 2013 Oct 3.

Authors

C E Krafft¹, J E Pierce², N F Schwarz³, L Chi⁴, A L Weinberger⁵, D J Schaeffer⁶, A L Rodrigue⁷, J Camchong⁸, J D Allison⁹, N E Yanasak¹⁰, T Liu¹¹, C L Davis¹², J E McDowell¹³

Affiliations

¹ Psychology Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: krafft@uga.edu.
² Psychology Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: jepierce@uga.edu.
³ Psychology Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: schwarz@uga.edu.
⁴ Psychology Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: lingxi@uga.edu.
⁵ Psychology Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: abbywein@uga.edu.
⁶ Neuroscience Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: djschaef@uga.edu.
⁷ Psychology Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: alr4655@uga.edu.
⁸ Psychiatry Department, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA. Electronic address: jcamchong@nbresearch.com.
⁹ Radiology Department, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1102 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. Electronic address: jallison@gru.edu.
¹⁰ Radiology Department, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, 1102 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. Electronic address: nyanasak@gru.edu.
¹¹ Computer Science Department, 415 Boyd Graduate Studies Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: tliu@cs.uga.edu.
¹² Pediatrics, Georgia Prevention Center, Medical College of Georgia, Institute of Public & Preventive Health, Georgia Regents University, HS-1640, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. Electronic address: cadavis@gru.edu.
¹³ Psychology Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Neuroscience Department, Psychology Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Electronic address: jemcd@uga.edu.

PMID: 24096138
PMCID: PMC3995346
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.052

Abstract

Children with low aerobic fitness have altered brain function compared to higher-fit children. This study examined the effect of an 8-month exercise intervention on resting state synchrony. Twenty-two sedentary, overweight (body mass index ≥85th percentile) children 8-11 years old were randomly assigned to one of two after-school programs: aerobic exercise (n=13) or sedentary attention control (n=9). Before and after the 8-month programs, all subjects participated in resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. Independent components analysis identified several networks, with four chosen for between-group analysis: salience, default mode, cognitive control, and motor networks. The default mode, cognitive control, and motor networks showed more spatial refinement over time in the exercise group compared to controls. The motor network showed increased synchrony in the exercise group with the right medial frontal gyrus compared to controls. Exercise behavior may enhance brain development in children.

Keywords: AFNI; ANOVA; Analysis of Functional Neuroimages; BOLD; CAS; CC; Cognitive Assessment System; DMN; FMRIB Software Libraries; FOV; FSL; ICA; Independent Component Analysis; MNI; Montreal Neurological Institute; RSNs; TE; TR; aerobic exercise; analysis of variance; blood oxygenation level-dependent; cognitive control; default mode; default mode network; development; echo time; fMRI; field of view; functional magnetic resonance imaging; obesity; repetition time; resting state fMRI; resting state networks; rsfMRI.

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Figures

**Figure 1**
Salience network. Axial slices (top left z = -26 through bottom right z = 62, spacing = 8 mm) displaying the salience network across all participants and both time points. Scale indicates z-value. The background anatomical image is the pediatric template that was used during alignment and is shown using radiological convention.

**Figure 2**
Default mode network. Axial slices (top left z = -26 through bottom right z = 62, spacing = 8 mm) displaying the default mode network across all participants and both time points. Scale indicates z-value. The arrow points to the left middle occipital gyrus, which showed a significant group by time interaction. The region is blue, indicating that the exercise group showed decreased synchrony with the DMN over time compared to the control group. The background anatomical image is the pediatric template that was used during alignment and is shown using radiological convention.

**Figure 3**
Cognitive control network. Axial slices (top left z = -26 through bottom right z = 62, spacing = 8 mm) displaying the cognitive control network across all participants and both time points. Scale indicates z-value. Arrow 2 points to the right culmen and arrow 3 points to the cingulate, both of which showed significant group by time interactions. Both regions are blue, indicating that the exercise group showed decreased synchrony with the cognitive control network over time compared to the control group. Where the clusters overlap with the cognitive control network, the overlap is in green. The background anatomical image is the pediatric template that was used during alignment and is shown using radiological convention.

**Figure 4**
Motor network. Axial slices (top left z = -26 through bottom right z = 62, spacing = 8 mm) displaying the motor network across all participants and both time points. Scale indicates z-value. Arrow 4 points to the left cuneus and arrow 5 points to the right medial frontal gyrus, both of which showed significant group by time interactions. The left cuneus is blue, indicating that the exercise group showed decreased synchrony with the motor network over time compared to the control group. The right medial frontal gyrus is red, indicating that the interaction was in the opposite direction, with the exercise group showing increased synchrony with the motor network over time compared to the control group. The background anatomical image is the pediatric template that was used during alignment and is shown using radiological convention.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. American College of Sports Medicine . ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 6th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Baltimore, MD: 2000.
1. Barber AD, Srinivasan P, Joel SE, Caffo BS, Pekar JJ, Mostofsky SH. Motor “dexterity”?: evidence that left hemisphere lateralization of motor circuit connectivity is associated with better motor performance in children. Cereb Cortex. 2012;22:51–59. - PMC - PubMed
1. Beckmann CF, DeLuca M, Devlin JT, Smith SM. Investigations into resting-state connectivity using independent component analysis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2005;360:1001–1013. - PMC - PubMed
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1. Biswal B, Yetkin FZ, Haughton VM, Hyde JS. Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI. Magn Reson Med. 1995;34:537–541. - PubMed

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An eight month randomized controlled exercise intervention alters resting state synchrony in overweight children

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An eight month randomized controlled exercise intervention alters resting state synchrony in overweight children

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