Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2013 Sep 23:5:481-8.
doi: 10.2147/CEOR.S40607.

Cost of noninfectious comorbidities in patients with HIV

Giovanni Guaraldi  1 , Stefano Zona, Marianna Menozzi, Federica Carli, Pietro Bagni, Alessandra Berti, Elisa Rossi, Gabriella Orlando, Giuliana Zoboli, Frank Palella
Affiliations
Review

Cost of noninfectious comorbidities in patients with HIV

Giovanni Guaraldi et al. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. .

Abstract

Objectives: We hypothesized that the increased prevalence of noninfectious comorbidities (NICMs) observed among HIV-infected patients may result in increased direct costs of medical care compared to the general population. Our objective was to provide estimates of and describe factors contributing to direct costs for medical care among HIV-infected patients, focusing on NICM care expenditure.

Methods: A case-control study analyzing direct medical care costs in 2009. Antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced HIV-infected patients (cases) were compared to age, sex, and race-matched adults from the general population, included in the CINECA ARNO database (controls). NICMs evaluated included cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, bone fractures, and renal failure. Medical care cost information evaluated included pharmacy, outpatient, and inpatient hospital expenditures. Linear regression models were constructed to evaluate predictors of total care cost for the controls and cases.

Results: There were 2854 cases and 8562 controls. Mean age was 46 years and 37% were women. We analyzed data from 29,275 drug prescription records. Positive predictors of health care cost in the overall population: HIV infection (β = 2878; confidence interval (CI) = 2001-3755); polypathology (β = 8911; CI = 8356-9466); age (β = 62; CI = 45-79); and ART exposure (β = 18,773; CI = 17,873-19,672). Predictors of health care cost among cases: Center for Disease Control group C (β = 1548; CI = 330-2766); polypathology (β = 11,081; CI = 9447-12,716); age < 50 years (β = 1903; CI = 542-3264); protease inhibitor exposure (per month of use; β = 69; CI = 53-85); CD4 count < 200 cells/mm(3) (β = 5438; CI = 3082-7795); and ART drug change (per change; β = 911; CI = 716-1106).

Conclusion: Total cost of medical care is higher in cases than controls. Lower medical costs associated with higher CD4 strata are offset by increases in the care costs needed for advancing age, particularly for NICMs.

Keywords: HIV; antiretroviral therapy; noninfectious comorbidities; pharmacoeconomics.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Comparative risk of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), fracture, and renal failure, by age strata, among cases and controls.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Total cost of medical care in cases and controls stratified by age decades. Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; NICM, noninfectious comorbidity.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Comparison between the cost of medical care for HIV-infected patients younger than 50 years with CD4 < 200 cells/mm3 and older than 50 years with CD4 > 200 cells/mm3.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Scitovsky AA, Rice DP. Estimates of the direct and indirect costs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States, 1985, 1986, and 1991. Public Health Rep. 1987;102(1):5–17. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Scitovsky AA, Cline M, Lee PR. Medical care costs of patients with AIDS in San Francisco. JAMA. 1986;256(22):3103–3106. - PubMed
    1. Bozzette SA, Joyce G, McCaffrey DF, et al. HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study Consortium Expenditures for the care of HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(11):817–823. - PubMed
    1. Palella FJ, Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(13):853–860. - PubMed
    1. Moore RD, Chaisson RE. Natural history of HIV infection in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 1999;13(14):1933–1942. - PubMed