Alterations of ultrastructure and elemental composition in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes after metabolic inhibition with iodoacetic acid

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to document changes in cellular fine structure and elemental composition, and their relationship to progression of cell injury, in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in which impaired energy metabolism was produced by the metabolic inhibitor, iodoacetic acid (IAA). In order to quantitate changes in the concentrations of elements and their subcellular distribution in individual myocytes, electron probe x-ray microanalysis was performed on freeze-dried cryosections of rapidly frozen cells. After 1 hour of exposure to IAA, ATP level was not significantly reduced. Most cells exhibited minimal ultrastructural alterations and had normal elemental profiles, whereas some cells (10 to 25%) had increased sodium and calcium in mitochondria and cytoplasm. After exposure to IAA for 1.5, 2, or 4 hours, the ATP level was reduced to below one third of control, and remained decreased 24 hours after removal of IAA, indicating irreversible depression of this variable. After exposure to IAA for 1.5 hours no longer, many cells showed severe ultrastructural alterations, including contraction or swelling of mitochondria and distortion of the cristae, myofibrillar hypercontraction, and formation of fluid-filled blebs. At 1.5 and 2 hours, approximately 75% or more of the myocytes had increased sodium and calcium and decreased potassium and magnesium in mitochondria, nuclei, and cytoplasm. Thus, the development of an increased calcium concentration in cytoplasm as well as mitochondria of most myocytes was a feature of this transitional period. These data indicate that progressive alterations in the levels and distribution of elements accompany the development of severe ultrastructural changes and irreversible injury in response to impaired energy metabolism in cultured myocytes. These elemental alterations include accumulation of calcium in cytoplasm and mitochondria of myocytes in this model.