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. 2013 Oct 20:13:270.
doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-270.

Anti-inflammatory effects in muscle injury by transdermal application of gel with Lychnophora pinaster aerial parts using phonophoresis in rats

Viviane G C Abreu  1 , Geone M Correa, Thiago M Silva, Humberto S Fontoura, Denise C Cara, Dorila Piló-Veloso, Antônio F C Alcântara
Affiliations

Anti-inflammatory effects in muscle injury by transdermal application of gel with Lychnophora pinaster aerial parts using phonophoresis in rats

Viviane G C Abreu et al. BMC Complement Altern Med. .

Abstract

Background: Lycnophora pinaster is used by the traditional Brazilian medicine for the treatment of inflammations. Anti-inflammatory activity of Lycnophora pinaster was investigated for extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds of their aerial parts. The hexane extract (HE) provided α-amyrin, lupeol, mixture of α-amyrin and lupeol, mixture of 3-O-acetyl-lupeol and 3-O-acetyl-pseudotaraxasterol, and mixture of the steroids stigmasterol and sitosterol. The aqueous extract (WE) provided a fraction containing alkaloids (AF) and another one containing phenolic compounds (PF).

Methods: The crude hexane extract obtained from aerial parts of L. pinaster was submitted to chromatographic fractionation. The fractionation of PF was performed by preparative HPLC analysis, providing the flavonoid quercetin. The extracts, fractions, and compounds isolated from L. pinaster were tested to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity by experimental model of impact injury, followed by transdermal application of gels with these samples. The application of the gels was performed using phonophoresis in rat paws after induction of muscle injury. Histological analysis was based on scores assigned by the capacity of decreasing the lesion.

Results: HE and WE exhibited anti-inflammatory activity. Some fractions, triterpenes, and steroids also reduced the inflammatory infiltrates caused by muscle injury. Lupeol promoted a significant reduction of inflammation. Quercetin also provided significant results, promoting the greatest decreases in muscle injury.

Conclusion: The results of this work suggest that topical application of triterpenes, steroids and flavonoid significantly decreases the inflammatory process generated by muscle injury. The transdermal application using phonophoresis in rat paws of gel with lupeol and quercetin attenuates the inflammation.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Chemical structure of the compounds isolated from the aerial parts of Lychnophora pinaster Mart.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Histological aspect of the injured muscle of rat paws without treatment, after 24 h. Regions of inflammatory infiltrate, edema, and degeneration of muscle fibers are indicated by arrows.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Histological aspect of the injured muscles of rat paws without treatment and treated, after 24, 48, and 72 h of the application of gels with dexamethasone, hexane extract (HE), aqueous extract (WE), phenolic fraction (PF), and alkaloid fraction (AF) of L. pinaster .
Figure 4
Figure 4
Histological aspect of the injured muscles of the rat paws treated after 24, 48, and 72 h of the application of gels with isolated compounds of L. pinaster .
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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