Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2013 Oct 20;2013(10):CD009455.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009455.pub2.

Naproxen with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults

Simon Law  1 , Sheena Derry, R Andrew Moore
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Naproxen with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults

Simon Law et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Migraine is a common, disabling condition and a burden for the individual, health services, and society. Many sufferers choose not to, or are unable to, seek professional help and rely on over-the-counter analgesics. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID); its efficacy in acute migraine has not been established by systematic reviews. Co-therapy with an antiemetic should help to reduce the nausea and vomiting commonly associated with migraine headaches.

Objectives: To determine the efficacy and tolerability of naproxen, alone or in combination with an antiemetic, compared with placebo and other active interventions in the treatment of acute migraine headaches in adults.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Oxford Pain Relief Database, together with two online databases (www.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com and www.clinicaltrials.gov) and reference lists, for studies to 22 May 2013.

Selection criteria: We included randomised, double-blind, placebo- or active-controlled studies, with at least 10 participants per treatment arm, using naproxen alone or with an antiemetic to treat a migraine headache episode.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We used numbers of participants achieving each outcome to calculate risk ratios and numbers needed to treat (NNT) or harm (NNH) compared with placebo or a different active treatment.

Main results: We included six studies using naproxen 275 mg, 500 mg, or 825 mg to treat attacks of moderate or severe pain intensity. Overall, 1241 participants took naproxen (275 mg to 825 mg), 229 took sumatriptan 50 mg, 173 took naratriptan 2.5 mg, and 1092 took placebo. No studies combined naproxen with an antiemetic. Studies using naproxen 275 mg provided no useable data for analysis.Naproxen (500 mg and 825 mg) was better than placebo for pain-free response and headache relief. At two hours, the NNT for pain-free response was 11 (17% response with naproxen, 8% with placebo; risk ratio 2.0 (95% CI 1.6 to 2.6), moderate quality) and for headache relief was 6.0 (45% response with naproxen, 29% with placebo; risk ratio 1.6 (1.4 to 1.8), moderate quality). The NNT for sustained pain-free response during the 24 hours post dose was 19 (12% response with naproxen, 6.7% with placebo), and for sustained headache relief during the 24 hours post dose was 8.3 (30% response with naproxen, 18% with placebo). Analysing only the lower dose of 500 mg of naproxen did not significantly change the results. Adverse events, which were mostly mild or moderate in severity and rarely led to withdrawal, were more common with naproxen than with placebo when the 500 mg and 825 mg doses were considered together, but not when the 500 mg dose was analysed alone.There were insufficient data for analysis of naproxen compared with sumatriptan, and no data suitable for analysis of naproxen compared with naratriptan.

Authors' conclusions: Naproxen is statistically superior to placebo in the treatment of acute migraine, but the NNT of 11 for pain-free response at two hours suggests that it is not a clinically useful treatment. Cochrane reviews examining other commonly used analgesics for acute migraine have reported better (lower) NNT results for the same outcome. Naproxen is not clinically useful as a stand-alone analgesic in acute migraine, as it is effective in fewer than 2 people in 10.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

RAM has consulted for various pharmaceutical companies and has received lecture fees from pharmaceutical companies related to analgesics and other healthcare interventions. RAM and SD have received research support from charities, government, and industry sources at various times. SL has no interests to declare.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Pain, outcome: 1.1 Pain‐free response at two hours.
4
4
L'Abbé plot for pain‐free response at two hours. Size of circle proportional to size of study (see inset scale). Cream = naproxen 500 mg, blue = naproxen 825 mg.
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Pain, outcome: 1.4 Headache relief at two hours.
6
6
L'Abbé plot for headache relief at two hours. Size of circle proportional to size of study (see inset scale). Cream = naproxen 500 mg, blue = naproxen 825 mg.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Naproxen versus placebo, Outcome 1: Pain‐free response at 2 h
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Naproxen versus placebo, Outcome 2: Headache relief at 2 h
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Naproxen versus placebo, Outcome 3: 24‐h sustained pain‐free
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Naproxen versus placebo, Outcome 4: 24‐h sustained headache relief
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Naproxen versus placebo, Outcome 5: Any adverse event
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Naproxen versus placebo, Outcome 6: Use of rescue medication
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Naproxen versus placebo, Outcome 7: Relief of associated symptoms
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Naproxen versus placebo, Outcome 8: Relief of functional disability
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009455

References

References to studies included in this review

Brandes 2007 Study 1 {published data only}
    1. Brandes JL, Kudrow D, Stark SR, O'Carroll CP, Adelman JU, O'Donnell FJ, et al. Sumatriptan-naproxen for acute treatment of migraine: a randomized trial. JAMA 2007;297(13):1443-54. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.13.1443 ] - PubMed
    1. Landy S, DeRossett SE, Rapoport A, Rothrock J, Ames MH, McDonald SA, et al. Two double-blind, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-dose studies of sumatriptan/naproxen sodium in the acute treatment of migraine: function, productivity, and satisfaction outcomes. Medscape General Medicine 2007;9(2):53. - PMC - PubMed
Brandes 2007 Study 2 {published data only}
    1. Brandes JL, Kudrow D, Stark SR, O'Carroll CP, Adelman JU, O'Donnell FJ, et al. Sumatriptan-naproxen for acute treatment of migraine: a randomized trial. JAMA 2007;297(13):1443-54. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.13.1443 ] - PubMed
    1. Landy S, DeRossett SE, Rapoport A, Rothrock J, Ames MH, McDonald SA, et al. Two double-blind, multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-dose studies of sumatriptan/naproxen sodium in the acute treatment of migraine: function, productivity, and satisfaction outcomes. Medscape General Medicine 2007;9(2):53. - PMC - PubMed
S2WA4003 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-placebo controlled, parallel group evaluation of oral naratriptan (2.5mg) compared to oral naproxen sodium (275mg) on migraine-related quality of life. Result summary for S2WA4003. download.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com/files/2014.pdf (accessed 19 September 2013).
S2WA4004 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-placebo controlled, parallel group evaluation of oral naratriptan (2.5mg) compared to oral naproxen sodium (275mg) on migraine-related quality of life. Result summary for S2WA4004. download.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com/files/2041.pdf (accessed 19 September 2013).
Smith 2005 {published data only}
    1. Smith TR, Sunshine A, Stark SR, Littlefield DE, Spruill SE, Alexander WJ. Sumatriptan and naproxen sodium for the acute treatment of migraine. Headache 2005;45(8):983-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05178.x] - DOI - PubMed
Wentz 2008 {published data only}
    1. Wentz AL, Jimenez TB, Dixon RM, Aurora SK, Gold M, CXA20008 Study Investigators. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-dose study of thecyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, GW406381, as a treatment for acute migraine. European Journal of Neurology 2008;15(4):420-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02093.x] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Adis 2006 {published data only}
    1. Adis International Limited. Naproxen sodium/metoclopramide: metoclopramide/naproxen-sodium, MT 100, naproxen-sodium/metoclopramide. Drugs in R and D 2006;7(4):259-61.
Andersson 1989 {published data only}
    1. Andersson PG, Hinge HH, Johansen O, Andersen CU, Lademann A, Gøtzsche PC. Double-blind study of naproxen vs placebo in the treatment of acute migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 1989;9(1):29-32. - PubMed
Johnson 1985 {published data only}
    1. Johnson E, Ratcliffe D, Wilkinson M. Naproxen sodium in the treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia 1985;5(1):5-10. - PubMed
Krymchantowski 2005 {published data only}
    1. Krymchantowski AV, Peixoto P, Higashi R, Silva A Jr, Schutz V. Lysine clonixinate vs naproxen sodium for the acute treatment of migraine: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Medscape General Medicine 2005;7(4):69. - PMC - PubMed
Misra 2010 {published data only}
    1. Misra M, Sharma T, Kalra J, Goel D, Dhasmana DC. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of sumatriptan, ergotamine, naproxen and rizatriptan in moderate to severe acute attack of migraine. JK Science 2010;12(4):175-9.
NCT01726920 {published data only}
    1. Peron C. Efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose combination of naratriptan and naproxen in acute treatment of migraine (Copérnico). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01726920 (accessed 19 September 2013). [ACH-NRP-03(04/12)]
Nestvold 1985 {published data only}
    1. Nestvold K, Kloster R, Partinen M, Sulkava R. Treatment of acute migraine attack: naproxen and placebo compared. Cephalalgia 1985;5(2):115-9. - PubMed
Nestvold 1986 {published data only}
    1. Nestvold K. Naproxen and naproxen sodium in acute migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 1986;6 Suppl 4:81-4. - PubMed
Pradalier 1985 {published data only}
    1. Pradalier A, Rancurel G, Dordain G, Verdure L, Rascol A, Dry J. Acute migraine attack therapy: comparison of naproxen sodium and an ergotamine tartrate compound. Cephalalgia 1985;5(2):107-13. - PubMed
Sargent 1988 {published data only}
    1. Sargent JD, Baumel B, Peters K, Diamond S, Saper JR, Eisner LS, et al. Aborting a migraine attack: naproxen sodium v ergotamine plus caffeine. Headache 1988;28(4):263-6. - PubMed
Smith 2007 {published data only}
    1. Smith T, Blumenthal H, Diamond M, Mauskop A, Ames M, McDonald S, et al. Sumatriptan/naproxen sodium for migraine: efficacy, health related quality of life, and satisfaction outcomes. Headache 2007;47(5):683-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00790.x] - DOI - PubMed
Stronks 2003 {published data only}
    1. Stronks DL, Tulen JH, Bussmann HB, Mulder LJ, Passchier J. Effects of naratriptan versus naproxen on daily functioning on the acute treatment of migraine. Headache 2003;43(8):845-52. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1526-4610.2003.03162.x] - DOI - PubMed
Treves 1992 {published data only}
    1. Treves T, Streiffler M, Korczyn A. Naproxen sodium versus ergotamine tartrate in the treatment of acute migraine attacks. Headache 1992;32(6):280-2. - PubMed
Welch 1986 {published data only}
    1. Welch K. Naproxen sodium in the treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia 1986;6 Suppl 4:85-92. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

NCT01390324 {published data only}
    1. Peron C. Efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose combination of naratriptan and naproxen in acute treatment of migraine (Atenéia). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01390324 (accessed 19 September 2013). [ACH-NRP-03(05/11)]

Additional references

Ayzenberg 2012
    1. Ayzenberg I, Katsarava Z, Sborowski A, Chernysh M, Osipova V, Tabeeva G, et al. The prevalence of primary headache disorders in Russia: a countrywide survey. Cephalalgia 2012;32(5):373-81. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102412438977 ] - PubMed
Bandolier 2000
    1. Anon. Naproxen for acute migraine, 2000. www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/Migraine/NapORacu.html (19 September 2013).
Bigal 2008
    1. Bigal ME, Serrano D, Reed M, Lipton RB. Chronic migraine in the population: burden, diagnosis, and satisfaction with treatment. Neurology 2008;71(8):559-66. [DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000323925.29520.e7] - DOI - PubMed
Bloudek 2012
    1. Bloudek LM, Stokes M, Buse DC, Wilcox TK, Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ, et al. Cost of healthcare for patients with migraine in five European countries: results from the International Burden of Migraine Study (IBMS). Journal of Headache and Pain 2012;13(5):361-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10194-012-0460-7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Buse 2011
    1. Buse D, Manack A, Serrano D, Reed M, Varon S, Turkel C, et al. Headache impact of chronic and episodic migraine: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention study. Headache 2012;52(1):3-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.02046.x] - DOI - PubMed
Collins 1997
    1. Collins SL, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. The visual analogue pain intensity scale: what is moderate pain in millimetres? Pain 1997;72(1-2):95-7. - PubMed
Cook 1995
    1. Cook RJ, Sackett DL. The number needed to treat: a clinically useful measure of treatment effect. BMJ 1995;310(6977):452-4. - PMC - PubMed
Derry 2009
    1. Derry C, Derry S, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Single dose oral naproxen and naproxen sodium for acute postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004234.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Derry 2012
    1. Derry C, Derry S, Moore A. Sumatriptan (oral route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012;2:CD008615. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008615.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Derry 2013
    1. Derry S, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013;4:CD008040. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008040.pub3] - PMC - PubMed
Diamond 2007
    1. Diamond S, Bigal ME, Silberstein S, Loder E, Reed M, Lipton RB. Patterns of diagnosis and acute and preventive treatment for migraine in the United States: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention study. Headache 2007;47(3):355-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00631.x] - DOI - PubMed
Friedman 2005
    1. Friedman BW, Corbo J, Lipton RB, Bijur PE, Esses D, Solorzano C, et al. A trial of metoclopramide vs sumatriptan for the emergency department treatment of migraines. Neurology 2005;64(3):463-8. [DOI: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000150904.28131.DD] - DOI - PubMed
Hazard 2009
    1. Hazard E, Munakata J, Bigal ME, Rupnow MF, Lipton RB. The burden of migraine in the United States: current and emerging perspectives on disease management and economic analysis. Value in Health 2009;12(1):55-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00404.x] - DOI - PubMed
Hernandez‐Diaz 2000
    1. Hernández-Diaz S, García Rodriguez LA. Association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding and perforation: an overview of epidemiological studies published in the 1990s. Archives of Internal Medicine 2000;160(14):2093-9. - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
IHS 1988
    1. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. Classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgias and facial pain. Cephalalgia 1988;8 Suppl 7:1-96. - PubMed
IHS 2000
    1. International Headache Society Clinical Trials Subcommittee. Guidelines for controlled trials of drugs in migraine: second edition. Cephalalgia 2000;20(9):765-86. - PubMed
IHS 2004
    1. Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia 2004;24 Suppl 1:1-160. - PubMed
IHS 2013
    1. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia 2013;33(9):629-808. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102413485658] - DOI - PubMed
Jadad 1996a
    1. Jadad AR, Carroll D, Moore A, McQuay H. Developing a database of published reports of randomised clinical trials in pain research. Pain 1996;66(2-3):239-46. - PubMed
Jadad 1996b
    1. Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJM, Gavaghan DJ, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Controlled Clinical Trials 1996;17(1):1-12. - PubMed
Jakubowski 2007
    1. Jakubowski M, Levy D, Kainz V, Zhang XC, Kosaras B, Burstein R. Sensitization of central trigeminovascular neurons: blockade by intravenous naproxen infusion. Neuroscience 2007;148(2):573-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.064] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kirthi 2013
    1. Kirthi V, Derry S, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Aspirin with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008041.pub3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
L'Abbé 1987
    1. L'Abbé KA, Detsky AS, O'Rourke K. Meta-analysis in clinical research. Annals of Internal Medicine 1987;107(2):224-33. - PubMed
Law 2013
    1. Law S, Derry S, Moore A. Sumatriptan plus naproxen for acute migraine attacks in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008541] - DOI - PubMed
Leonardi 2005
    1. Leonardi M, Steiner TJ, Scher AT, Lipton RB. The global burden of migraine: measuring disability in headache disorders with WHO's Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Journal of Headache and Pain 2005;6(6):429-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10194-005-0252-4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Linde 2012
    1. Linde M, Gustavsson A, Stovner LJ, Steiner TJ, Barré J, Katsarava Z, et al. The cost of headache disorders in Europe: the Eurolight project. European Journal of Neurology 2012;19(5):703-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03612.x] - DOI - PubMed
Lipton 1999
    1. Lipton RB, Stewart WF. Acute migraine therapy: do doctors understand what patients with migraine want from therapy? Headache 1999;39 Suppl 2:S20-S26.
Lipton 2007
    1. Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Diamond M, Freitag F, Reed ML, AMPP Advisory Group, et al. Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and the need for preventive therapy. Neurology 2007;68(5):343-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2982.2006.01275.x] - DOI - PubMed
Lucas 2006
    1. Lucas C, Géraud G, Valade D, Chautard MH, Lantéri-Minet M. Recognition and therapeutic management of migraine in 2004, in France: results of FRAMIG 3, a French nationwide population-based survey. Headache 2006;46(5):715-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00430.x] - DOI - PubMed
Martindale 2012
    1. Brayfield A. Martindale: the complete drug reference. www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/martindale/current/ (19 September 2013).
Moore 1998
    1. Moore RA, Gavaghan D, Tramer MR, Collins SL, McQuay HJ. Size is everything - large amounts of information are needed to overcome random effects in estimating direction and magnitude of treatment effects. Pain 1998;78(3):209-16. [DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00140-7] - DOI - PubMed
Moore 2008
    1. Moore RA, Barden J, Derry S, McQuay HJ. Managing potential publication bias. In: McQuay HJ, Kalso E, Moore RA, editors(s). Systematic Reviews in Pain Research: Methodology Refined. Seattle: IASP Press, 2008:15-24. [ISBN: 978-0-931092-69-5]
Moore 2010a
    1. Moore RA, Moore OA, Derry S, Peloso PM, Gammaitoni AR, Wang H. Responder analysis for pain relief and numbers needed to treat in a meta-analysis of etoricoxib osteoarthritis trials: bridging a gap between clinical trials and clinical practice. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2010;69(2):374-9. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2009.107805] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Moore 2010b
    1. Moore RA, Smugar SS, Wang H, Peloso PM, Gammaitoni A. Numbers-needed-to-treat analyses - do timing, dropouts, and outcome matter? Pooled analysis of two randomized, placebo-controlled chronic low back pain trials. Pain 2010;151(3):592-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.07.013] - DOI - PubMed
Morris 1995
    1. Morris JA, Gardner MJ. Calculating confidence intervals for relative risk, odds ratios and standardised ratios and rates. In: Gardner MJ, Altman DG, editors(s). Statistics with Confidence - Confidence Intervals and Statistical Guidelines. London: British Medical Journal, 1995:50-63. - PMC - PubMed
Munakata 2009
    1. Munakata J, Hazard E, Serrano D, Klingman D, Rupnow MF, Tierce J, et al. Economic burden of transformed migraine: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) Study. Headache 2009;49(4):498-508. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01369.x] - DOI - PubMed
Pardutz 2010
    1. Pardutz A, Schoen J. NSAIDs in the acute treatment of migraine: a review of clinical and experimental data. Pharmaceuticals 2010;3:1966-87. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Pozen 2005a
    1. Pozen Inc. MT 100 (naproxen sodium and metoclopramide hydrochloride) Tablets. Briefing document for peripheral and central nervous system drugs advisory committee meeting, 4 August 2005, 2005. www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/05/briefing/2005-4167B1_01_01-Pozen-Backgro... (accessed 19 September 2013).
Pozen 2005b
    1. Pozen Inc. MT100 for the treatment of migraine, 2005. www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/05/briefing/ 2005-4167S1_01_POZEN-Presentation.ppt (accessed 17 April 2012).
Rabbie 2013
    1. Rabbie R, Derry S, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Ibuprofen with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013;4:CD008039. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008039.pub3] - PMC - PubMed
Radtke 2009
    1. Radtke A, Neuhauser H. Prevalence and burden of headache and migraine in Germany. Headache 2009;49(1):79-89. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01263.x] - DOI - PubMed
RevMan 2012 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.2. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2012.
Ross‐Lee 1983
    1. Ross-Lee LM, Eadie MJ, Heazlewood V, Bochner F, Tyrer JH. Aspirin pharmacokinetics in migraine. The effect of metoclopramide. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1983;24(6):777-85. - PubMed
Salazar‐Tortolero 2008
    1. Salazar-Tortolero G, Huertas-Campistol A, Vergez-Pinto L, Ramos-Brunet A, Lluch-López J. Metoclopramide as a painkiller for intense migraine headache in emergency departments [Metoclopramida como analgésicoen la cefalea migrañosa intensa en urgencias]. Revista de Neurologia 2008;47(10):506-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Steiner 2013
    1. Steiner TS, Stovner LJ, Birbeck GL. Migraine: the seventh disabler. Journal of Headache and Pain 2013;14:1. [DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-14-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Stovner 2010
    1. Stovner LJ, Andree C. Prevalence of headache in Europe: a review for the Eurolight project. Journal of Headache and Pain 2010;11(4):289-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s10194-010-0217-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Suthisisang 2010
    1. Suthisisang CC, Poolsup N, Suksomboon N, Lertpipopmetha V, Tepwitukgid B. Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of naproxen sodium in the acute treatment of migraine. Headache 2010;50(5):808-18. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01635.x] - DOI - PubMed
Tramer 1997
    1. Tramèr MR, Reynolds DJM, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Impact of covert duplicate results on meta-analysis: a case study. BMJ 1997;315(7109):635-9. - PMC - PubMed
Victor 2010
    1. Victor TW, Hu X, Campbell JC, Buse DC, Lipton RB. Migraine prevalence by age and sex in the United States: a life-span study. Cephalalgia 2010;30(9):1065-72. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102409355601 ] - PubMed
Volans 1974
    1. Volans GN. Absorption of effervescent aspirin during migraine. British Medical Journal 1974;4(5939):265-8. - PMC - PubMed
Volans 1975
    1. Volans GN. The effect of metoclopramide on the absorption of effervescent aspirin in migraine. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1975;2(1):57-63. - PMC - PubMed
Vos 2012
    1. Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012;380(9859):2163-96. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Yu 2012
    1. Yu S, Liu R, Zhao G, Yang X, Qiao X, Feng J, et al. The prevalence and burden of primary headaches in China: a population-based door-to-door survey. Headache 2012;52(4):582-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.02061.x] - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms