Pitching mechanics, revisited

Abstract

The overhead pitching motion is described as a coordinated sequence of body movements and muscular forces that have an ultimate goal of achieving high ball velocity and target accuracy. An understanding of the dynamic overhead throwing motion outlined in this clinical commentary can assist the clinician in addressing the unique injuries experienced by the pitcher. The potential biomechanical sources for injury have been studied utilizing videography and electromyographic techniques due to the rapid pace with which the pitching motion occurs. This clinical comentary will describe what is widely accepted as the six phases of the pitching motion and the relationship to the kinetic chain theory as well as outline the common mechanical faults that can lead to increased tissue stress and potential injury.

Level of evidence: 5.

Keywords: baseball; overhead athlete; pitching mechanics.

Figure 1.

Balance Point‐Demonstrating a stable center of gravity (COG).

Figure 2.

Stride Phase‐Pelvis rotates towards target while the upper quarter remains quiet in a closed position producing spinal rotation.

Figure 3.

Stride Foot Contact‐Direction should be towards home plate or “closed” towards third base side.

Figure 4.

Late Cocking Phase‐Position of MER with shoulder abducted 90° to 100°, horizontally adducted up to 20° and 90°of elbow flexion.

Figure 5.

Acceleration‐Demonstrating humeral adduction, trunk inclination between 32° and 55° prior to ball release towards home plate and an extending lead leg.

Figure 6.

Deceleration (Follow Through)‐Demonstrates maximal dominant shoulder internal rotation and 35° of horizontal adduction.