Essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides and main components: activity against Leishmania, their mitochondria and other microorganisms

Abstract

Chenopodium ambrosioides is an aromatic herb used by native people to treat parasitic diseases. The aim of this work is to compare the in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of the essential oil (EO) from C. ambrosioides and its major components (ascaridole, carvacrol and caryophyllene oxide) and study their mechanism of action and activity against a panel of microorganism. Antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of the EO and major components was study. In addition, experiments to elucidate the mechanism of action were perform and activities against other microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and protozoa) were evaluate. All products were active against promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania. Ascaridole exhibited the better antileishmanial activity and the EO the highest selectivity index. The exploration of the mechanism suggests that the products cause a breakdown of mitochondrial membrane potential and a modification of redox indexes. Only EO showed antiprotozoal effect against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei; while no activity against bacteria and fungi was observed. Our results demonstrate the potentialities of EO in cellular and molecular system, which could be consider in future studies to develop new antileishmanial drugs with a wide anti-parasitic spectrum.

Keywords: 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanine iodide; Antimicrobial activity; Asc; Ascaridole; Carv; Caryo; Chenopodium ambrosioides; DMSO; EDTA; EO; FCSi; FIC; HFBS; IC(50); JC-1; Leishmania amazonensis; MCF; MTT; Mitochondria; O–O; PP; SHT; TDR; Tropical Diseases Research; WHO; World Health Organization; ascaridole; bound oxygen–oxygen; carvacrol; caryophyllene oxide; concentration at which inhibition of the activity was 50%; dimethyl sulfoxide; essential oil; ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; fractional inhibitory concentration; heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum; inactivated fetal calf serum; mitochondrial crude fraction; mitochondrial membrane potential; peroxidation potential; sulfhydryl groups; Δψm.